'e>  :<4~ 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OP  ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN  No.  48. 


(  ATALOGUE 


OF 


EXHIBITS  OF  INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FORESTS 
AND  FOREST  PRODUCTS 


AT  THE 


LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION. 
ST.  LOUS.  MO.,  1901. 


PREPARED  ONDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST  BY 

A.    I).   HOPKINS.  r>^_ 

In  Clun 


WASHIXGTOX: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1904. 


/ 


JXIYISION  OF  EXTOMOLOGY. 

L.  O.  Howard,  Entomologist. 

('.  L.  MaRLATT,  in  charge  of  experimental  field  work. 
F.  H.  Chittenden,  in  charge  of  breeding  experiments. 
A.  D.  Hopkins,  in  charge  offorest  insect  investigations. 
\k  Benton,  in  charge  of  apiculture. 

W.  D.  Hunter,  in  charge  of  cotton  boll  weevil  investigations. 

A.  L.  QUAINTANCE,  in  charge  ofbollworm  investigations. 

D.  W.  COQDTLLETT,  Th.  Pergande,  Nathan  Banks,  assistant  entomologists. 

K.  A.  Si'iiwarz.  E.  S.  G.  Trrrs.  investigators. 

H.  A.  Kelly,  special  agent  in  silk  investigations. 

<  JliftoN,  F.  C.  Pratt.  August  Busck,  Otto  Heidemann,  A.  N.  Caudell, 
J.  Kotinsky.  H.  8.  Barber,  assistants. 
\Y.  B.  IIinp-.  W.  F.  Fiskk,  Gh  H.  Harris,  H.  E.  Burke,  A.  W.  Morrill,  J.  C. 
Cb  iwpord,  Jr..  A.  A.  Girault,  C.  T.  Brues,  F.  C.  Bishopp,  Springer  Goes, 
M".  Walker,  temporary  field  agents. 
Misa  L.  L.  Howenstein,  artist. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION  OF  ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN  No.  48. 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


EXHIBITS  OF  INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FORESTS 
AND  FOREST  PRODUCTS 


AT  THE 


LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION, 
ST.  LOUIS,  MO..  1904 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGIST  BY 

A.  D.  HOPKINS. 

In  Charge  of  Forest  Insect  Investigai 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE, 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Division  of  Entomology, 
Washington,  D.  0.,  May  23,  1901 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  manuscript  of  a  cata- 
logue of  the  exhibit  of  insect  enemies  of  forests  and  forest  products 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  held  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  during 
the  present  year.  It  has  been  prepared  under  my  direction  by  Dr. 
A.  D.  Hopkins,  in  charge  of  Forest  Insect  Investigations,  in  the  hope 
of  increasing  the  economic  value  of  the  exhibit,  and  is  practically  a 
continuation  of  the  catalogue  of  the  general  exhibit  which  has  been 
published  as  Bulletin  47  of  the  present  series.  The  catalogue  has 
been  divided  into  four  sections,  as  fully  explained  by  its  author.  In 
the  preparation  of  the  exhibit  Doctor  Hopkins  has  had  the  expert 
assistance  of  Prof.  W.  E.  Rumsey.  of  the  West  Virginia  Experiment 
Station,  and.  later,  of  Mr.  W.  F.  Fiske,  of  this  Division,  who  has 
also  assisted  in  the  preparation  of  the  catalogue.  I  recommend  its 
publication  as  Bulletin  No.  48  of  this  Division. 
Respectful  ly, 

L.  O.  Howard, 

Entomologist. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

3 


CONTEXTS. 


Page. 

Introductory 7 

Character  of  the  exhibit 7 

General  description  of  the  exhibit 9 

Insects  injurious  to  fruit  or  seeds 13 

Insect  injury  to  forest  products 14 

Beneficial  insects 14 

Method  of  preventing  losses 14 

Catalogue  of  exhibit: 

Section  I. — Insect  enemies  of  forest  trees  in  the  northwestern  and  north- 
eastern United  States 15 

Section  II. — Insect  enemies  of  forests  in  general 27 

Section  III. — Special  investigations 43 

Section  IV. — Photographs 46 

Index  of  scientific  names 49 

Index  of  common  names 52 

5 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 
Plate  I.   Fig.  1. — The  pine-destroying  beetle  of  the  Black  Hills.     Fig.  2. — De- 
structive pine  bark-t>eetle.     Fig.  3. — Spruce-destroying  beetle 56 

II.  Fig.  1. — Work  of  the  Lawson's  cypress  bark-beetle  in  twigs  of  living 
trees.     Fig.  2. — The  Lawson's  cypress  bark-beetle.     Fig.  3. — The 

redwood  1  >ark-beetle  ( Phlceo&inus  sequoise  Hopk. ) 56 

III.  Work  of  the  pine-destroying  beetle  of  the  Black  Hills 56 

IV.  Figs.  1  and  2. — Work  of  the  Oregon  Tomicus.     Fig.  3. — Work  of  the 

yellow  pine  wood-engraver 56 

V.  Work  of  the  spruce-destroying  beetle 56 

VI.   Work  of  the  destructive  pine  bark-beetle 56 

VII.  Work  of  Dendroctonus  frontalis  and  Dendroctonus  terebrans 56 

VIII.  Work  of  the  pine-destroying  beetle  of  the  Black  Hills 56 

IX.  Work  of  the  pine-destroying  beetle  of  the  Black  Hills 56 

X.  Work  of  the  Oregon  Tomicus 56 

XI.  Work  of  the  pine-destroying  beetle  of  the  Black  Hills  Forest  Reserve.  56 
XII.  Fig.  1. — Cocoons  of  Bracon  simplex,  a  parasite  of  the  spruce-destroying 
beetle.     Fig.  2. — Work  of  the  pine-destroying  beetle  of  the  Black 

Hills 56 

XIII.  Galleries  and  mines  of  the  spruce-destroying  beetle 56 

XIV.  Galleries  and  mines  of  the  spruce-destroying  beetle  in  spruce 56 

XV.  Old  galleries  of  the  spruce-destroying  beetle 56 

XVI.   Work  of  the  yellow  pine  wood-engraver 56 

XVII.  Work  of  timber  and  bark  beetles  in  spruce 56 

XVIII.  Work  of  secondary  and  other  enemies  of  spruce 56 

XIX.  Galleries  of  the  spruce  bark-beetle,  showing  different  stages 56 

XX.   M  ines  of  the  destructive  spruce  wood-borer 56 

X  XI.  Dead  spruce;  also  fir  and  birch 56 

XXII.   Work  of  the  redwood  bark-beetle 56 

6 


CATALOGUE  OF  EXHIBITS  OF  INSECT  ENEMIES  OF 

FORESTS  AND  FOREST  PRODUCTS  AT  THE 

LOUISIANA  PURCHASE  EXPOSITION. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

The  extent  of  depredations  by  insects,  on  the  principal  kinds  of 
trees  in  different  sections  of  the  country,  the  magnitude  of  the  prob- 
lems demanding  investigation,  and  the  growing  demand  for  informa- 
tion on  causes  and  remedies  led  to  the  establishment  of  a  section  of 
the  Division  of  Entomolog}'  for  forest-insect  investigations,  which 
was  organized  on  July  1,  1902. 

The  object  of  this  section  is  to  conduct  original  research  in  the  field 
and  laboratory,'  to  determine  the  principal  insect  enemies  of  forest 
trees  and  forest  products,  and  especially  to  determine  facts  relating  to 
life  histories,  habits,  distribution,  character  of  injury,  and  natural 
enemies  on  which  to  base  recommendations  of  methods  for  preventing 
losses. 

Information  acquired  from  observations  by  the  author  in  all  but  one 
State,  relating  to  the  character  and  extent  of  the  work  of  insects  which 
are  either  detrimental  or  destructive  to  the  forest  resources  and  prod- 
ucts of  the  country,  leads  him  to  estimate  the  average  annual  losses  at 
§100,000,000.  This  is  based  on  late  stumpage  values  and  wholesale 
prices  of  commercial  products. 

CHARACTER  OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

The  object  of  the  exhibit  is  to  show  the  character  of  work  and 
injury,  the  various  kinds  of  insects  which  cause  the  injury,  and  also 
the  kinds  which  are  beneficial  on  account  of  their  habits  of  preying 
upon  the  injurious  ones. 

The  labels  give  brief  information  as  to  the  common  or  English 
names  and  technical  or  Latin  names  of  insects,  followed  by  brief 
descriptions  of  the  character  of  their  work,  habits,  and  distribution, 
and  the  kinds  of  trees  or  wood  injured.  When  the  species  is  of  special 
importance,  reference  is  made  to  the  principal  publications  concerning 
them. 

7 


Iii  the  preparation  of  sections  2,  3,  and  4  of  the  exhibit,  including 
labels,  the  author  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  service  of  Mr. 
\Y.  V.  Fiske. 

'The  exhibit  is  in  four  sections,  and  consists  of  iifty-four  cases,  one 
large  wall  case,  and  a  set  of  photographs.  There  are  in  all  789  speci- 
mens of  insects.  623  specimens  of  work,  and  18  photographs.  Sec- 
tions l.  2,  and  1  are  in  the  Division  of  Entomology  exhibit  in  the 
Government  Building,  while  section  3  is  in  the  forestry  building, 
with  the  Bureau  of  Forestry  exhibit. 

Section  I.— INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FORESTS  IN  THE  NORTHWESTERN 
AND  THE  NORTHEASTERN  STATES. " 

This  exhibit  consists  of  material  collected  by  the  author  during 
special  investigations  for  the  Division  previous  to  the  organization  of 
the  forest-insect  investigations  as  a  separate  section. 

The  labels  are  copied  in  this  catalogue  with  such  revisions,  correc- 
tions, and  additional  matter  as  seems  necessary. 

Reports  of  the  two  special  investigations,  during  which  the  speci- 
mens were  collected,  will  be  found  in  Bulletin  No.  21,  n.  s.,  of  the 
Division  of  Entomology,  entitled,  "  Preliminary  Report  on  the  Insect 
Enemies  of  Forests  in  the  Northwest;"  and  Bulletin  No.  28,  n.  s., 
"Insect  Enemies  of  the  Spruce  in  the  Northeast."  The  exhibit  was 
prepared  by  the  author,  assisted  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Rumsey,  of  the  West 
Virginia  Experiment  Station. 

Section  II.— INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FORESTS  IN  GENERAL. 

This  section  consists  of  material  collected  since  the  1st  of  July,  1902, 
and  such  other  specimens  in  the  general  collection  of  the  Division  of 
Entomolog}T  and  the  National  Museum  as  were  not  represented  in  the 
forest  insect  collections.  It  will  be  found  in  cases  25  to  48,  inclusive, 
and  in  a  large  wall  case.  In  this  section  the  transformations  and 
work  of  several  representatives  of  each  class  of  insects  are  shown, 
while  other  species,  having  analogous  habits  and  transformations,  are 
represented  by  the  adult  insects  alone. 

Section  III. —INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FORESTS  (SPECIAL  PROBLEMS 
UNDER  INVESTIGATION,  IN  COOPERATION  WITH  THE  BUREAU 
OF  FORESTRY). 

This  section  comprises  specimens  collected  by  the  author  and  assist- 
ant- during  special  investigations  of  sonic  of  the  principal  depreda- 
tion- by  forest  insects  now  attracting  attention.  It  will  be  found  in 
-i\  Large  cases,  numbered  49  to  64,  in  the  Forestry  Building,  in  connec- 

o  This  exhibit  was  shown  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition,  at  Buffalo,  New  York, 
in  1901,  and  al  tin-  Interstate  and  Weal  Indian  Exposition  at  Charleston,  8.  C, 
in  L901  2. 


tion  with  the  exhibit  of  the  Bureau  of  Forestry.  The  exhibit  shows 
the  character  of  work  of  some  of  the  most  destructive  enemies  of  for- 
ests and  the  insects  which  are  responsible  for  the  damage.  The  labels 
give  general  information  regarding  the  insects  and  their  habits,  which 
will  aid  the  forester  and  the  lumberman  in  recognizing  them  when  met 
with. 

Section  IV.— PHOTOGRAPHS  OF  INSECT  DAMAGE  TO  FORESTS. 

The  photographs  of  insect  damage  are  enlarged  from  4  by  5  and  5 
by  7  negatives  taken  by  the  author  and  his  assistants,  and  show  some 
of  the  features  of  insect  work  which  could  not  well  be  represented  by 
specimens. 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

A  large  amount  of  the  material  in  the  exhibit  represents  the  first  of 
the  kind  collected,  and  many  of  the  descriptions  of  the  work,  host 
plants,  habits  of  the  insects,  etc..  on  the  labels  and  in  this  catalogue, 
are  original. 

The  exhibit  represents  several  quite  distinct  classes  of  enemies,  as 
related  to  orders  and  groups  of  insects,  the  parts  of  trees  attacked, 
primary  or  secondary  injuries,  etc.  This  is  indicated  to  a  certain 
extent  by  the  arrangement  of  the  specimens  in  the  cases,  and  by  the 
labels:  but  in  order  to  prevent  duplication  in  the  catalogue,  the 
descriptions  of  the  principal  classes  of  insects  and  the  character  of 
their  work  are  included  in  the  introduction,  classified  primarily  accord- 
ing to  the  part  of  the  tree  or  kind  of  product  injured,  and  secondarily 
according  to  the  class  of  insects  which  have  similar  habits. 

The  term  "trunk  and  branches"  not  only  refers  to  living  trees,  but 
to  dying,  dead,  and  felled  trees,  sawlogs.  and  like  crude  products. 

INSECTS  INFESTING  THE  BARK. 

BARK-BEETLES. 

[Plates  I-VIII.] 

This  class  of  beetles  attacks  living,  dead,  and  recently  felled  trees. 
The  parent  adults  excavate  their  brood  galleries  through  the  inner 
layers  of  bark  and  often  groove  the  outer  surface  of  the  wood.  Their 
eggs  are  deposited  along  the  sides  of  the  galleries  and  the  young 
broods  develop  in  the  bark  and  transform  to  the  adult  either  in  the 
bark  or  outer  sapwood.  Some  of  the  species  attack  living  trees, 
causing  their  rapid  death,  and  are  among  the  most  destructive  enemies 
of  American  forests;  others  are  of  secondary  importance  in  attacking 
the  injured  trees  and  contributing  to  their  death,  while  still  others 
attack  only  the  bark  and  twigs  of  dying  and  dead  trees. 


10 

BABE    AND    wool)    BORING    GRUBS. 

Thia  class  of  enemies  differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  fact  that  the 
parent  beetles  do  not  burrow  into  the  wood  or  bark,  but  deposit  their 
a  in  the  surface.  The  elongate,  whitish,  round-headed  (Ceram- 
bycid),  flat-headed  (Buprestid),  or  short,  stout  (Curculionid)  grubs 
hatching  from  these  eggs  cause  injury  by  burrowing  beneath  the  bark 
or  deep  into  the  sapwood  and  heartwood  of  living,  injured,  and  dead 
trees,  sawlogs,  etc.  Some  of  the  species  infest  living  trees,  causing 
serious  injury  or  death.  Others  attack  only  dead  and  dying  bark  and 
wood,  bul  this  injury  often  results  in  great  loss  from  the  so-called 
worm-hole  defect-. 

BARK-WEEVILS. 

This  class  of  insects  includes  species  which  injure  and  kill  the  central 
shoots  of  pine  and  spruce,  such  injury  often  resulting  in  deformed 
and  worthless  matured  trees.  Others  attack  the  base  of  young  trees 
and  apparently  cause  their  death,  or  breed  in  the  bark  of  injured  and 
dying  standing  trees,  and  logs  and  stumps  of  those  recently  felled. 

BARK   AND   WOOD  BORING   CATERPILLARS. 

This  class  includes  the  young  of  clear-winged,  wasp-like  moths, 
which  mine  in  the  bark  and  wood  of  living  trees,  causing  masses  of 
pitch  to  form  over  the  wound.  They  often  cause  serious  damage  to 
reproduction  and  plantations  of  conifers  and  other  trees. 

INFESTING  THE  WOOD. 

AMBROSIA    OR   TIMBER   BEETLES. 

This  class  of  insects  attack  living,  dead,  and  felled  trees,  sawlogs, 
green  lumber,  and  stave-bolts,  often  causing  serious  injury  and  loss 
from  the  pin-hole  and  stained-wood  defects  caused  by  their  brood 
galleries.  The  galleries  are  excavated  by  the  parent  beetles  in  the 
sound  sapwood,  sometimes  extending  into  the  heartwood,  and  the 
young  stages  feed  on  a  fungous  growth  which  grows  on  the  walls  of 
the  galleries. 

TIMBER   WORMS. 

This  class  of  true  wood-boring  "  worms,"  or  grubs,  are  the  larva'  of 
luetic-  of  the  families  LymexylicUe  and  Brenthidse.  They  enter  the 
wood  from  eggs  deposited  in  wounds  in  living  trees,  from  which  they 
burrow  deep  into  the  heartwood.  Generation  after  generation  may 
develop  in  the  wood  of  a  tree  without  affecting  its  life,  but  the  wood 
is  rendered  worthless  for  most  purposes  by  the  so-called  worm-hole 
and  pili  hole  defects  resulting  from  their  burrows.  The  same  species 
also  breed  in  the  wood  of  dying  and  dead  standing  trees,  and  in  the 


11 

stumps  and  logs  of  felled  ones,  often  for  many  years  after  the  trees 
are  felled.  One  species  sometimes  attacks  freshly  sawed  oak  lumber, 
new  stave  bolts,  etc.  They  are  among  the  most  destructive  enemies 
of  hard- wood  forest  trees,  especially  in  reducing  the  value  of  the  wood 
of  the  best  part  of  the  trunks. 

THE    CARPENTER    WORMS. 

These  are  large  pinkish  caterpillars  which  are  the  larvae  of  stout- 
bodied  moths.  They  enter  the  bark  and  wood  of  living  oak,  locust, 
poplar,  and  other  trees  from  eggs  deposited  by  the  moths  in  the 
crevices  of  uninjured  bark,  or  in  the  edges  of  wounds.  They  burrow 
deep  into  the  solid  wood,  where  they  live  for  two  or  three  years  before 
transforming  to  the  adult.  The  wood  is  seriously  injured  by  the  very 
large  worm-hole  defects,  and  while  the  life  of  the  tree  is  but  slightly, 
if  at  all,  affected  by  the  earlier  attacks,  the  continued  operations  of 
this  class  of  borers  year  after  year  finally  results  in  the  decay  of  the 
heartwood,  or  a  hollow  trunk  and  a  dead  top. 

HORN-TAILS. 

This  is  a  class  of  borers  which  are  the  larvae  of  the  so-called  wood 
wasps.  They  may  enter  the  exposed  dead  wood  of  wounds  of  living 
trees,  but  more  commonly  attack  the  wood  of  dead  standing  conifers 
and  hard  woods,  in  the  sapwood  of  which  they  excavate  irregular  bur- 
rows, which  are  packed  with  their  borings.  When  the  adults  emerge 
they  leave  the  surface  perforated  with  numerous  round  holes.  Water 
and  fungi  entering  these  holes  cause  a  very  rapid  decay  of  the  wood. 

POWDER-POST   BEETLES. 

This  is  a  class  of  insects  representing  two  or  three  families  of 
beetles,  the  larvae  of  which  infest  and  convert  into  fine  power  many 
different  kinds  of  dry  and  seasoned  wood  products,  such  as  hickory 
and  ash  handles,  wagon  spokes,  lumber,  etc.,  when  wholly  or  in  part 
from  the  sapwood  of  trees.  Oak  and  hemlock  tan  bark  is  sometimes 
injured  to  a  great  extent,  and  the  structural  timbers  of  old  houses, 
barns,  etc.,  are  often  seriously  injured,  while  hoop  poles  and  like 
products  are  attacked  by  one  set  of  these  insects,  the  adults  of  which 
burrow  into  the  wood  for  the  purpose  of  depositing  their  eggs. 

INSECTS  INJURING  LEAVES. 

THE   TRUE   CATERPILLARS. 

These  are  the  larvae  of  butterflies  and  moths,  and  include  a  great 
variety  of  forms  which  feed  on  the  leaves  of  all  kinds  of  forest  trees. 
Some  attack  the  opening  buds,  others  the  very  young  leaves,  while 


12 

oilier-  consume  the  mature  foliage.  The  greater  Dumber  cause  no 
perceptible  injury,  yet  there  arc  sonic,  like  the  forest  tent  caterpillar, 
the  pine  butterfly,  the  western  hemlock  span-worm,  etc.,  which  are 
capable  of  widespread  devastation. 

FALSE   CATERPILLARS. 

These  are  the  larvae  of  a  class  of  insects  which  are  related  to  the 
bees,  but  have  very  peculiar  habits  as  compared  with  other  insects  of 
the  order  ( 1 1 ymenoptera)  to  which  they  belong.  The  adults  are  called 
sawflies,  on  account  of  the  peculiar  saw-like  ovipositor,  by  means  of 
which  tiny  make  incisions  in  the  living  plant  tissue  for  the  reception 
of  their  eggs.  The  larvae  are  often  found  in  great  numbers  on  pine, 
dogwood,  birch,  (dm,  cultivated  currant,  etc.,  completely  defoliating 
the  plant  in  a  short  time.  Some  of  the  species  are  capable  of  wide- 
spread destruction  of  certain  kinds  of  trees,  as,  for  example,  the 
larch  sawfly  {X<m<ttus  erichsonii),  which  between  1882  and  1885 
destroyed  to  an  alarming  extent  the  eastern  larch  or  tamarac  in  New 
England  and  Canada. 

THE    LEAF-BEETLES. 

This  is  a  class  of  defoliators  of  which  both  the  adults  and  the  larvae 
\\hh[  on  the  leaves.  The  willow  and  elm  leaf-beetles  are  common 
exam  pies  of  the  more  destructive  kinds. 

GALL    INSECTS. 

The  galls  on  the  leaves  of  various  trees  are  produced  in  great  vari- 
ety by  several  distinct  classes  of  gall-making  insects.  As  a  rule,  each 
species,  or  a  class  of  allied  species,  make  galls  of  peculiar  forms,  by 
which  the  species  or  class  to  which  they  belong  may  be  identified. 
Some  galls  are  caused  by  four-winged  gnats  of  the  order  Hymenop- 
tera,  others  of  the  two-winged  gnats  of  the  order  Diptera,  and  still 
others  by  plant-lice.  Psyllids,  etc.,  of  the  order  Hemiptera. 

PLANT-LICE. 

This  is  a  class  of  soft-bodied  insects  which  cluster  in  great  numbers 
on  the  Leaves,  injuring  them  by  sucking  out  their  sap.  causing  a  faded 
Or  curled  appearance,  and  often  doing  serious  damage. 

INSECTS  INFESTING  THE  TWIGS. 
TWIG-BEETLES. 

These  are  small  bark-beetles,  which  confine  their  operations  to  the 
smaller  twigs,  and  either  mine  under  the  bark  or  into  the  pith.  They 
rarely  attack    living  twigs,  but   are  exceedingly  abundant   in   those  of 

dyingand  recently  felled  trees,  and  may  in  some  cases  contribute  to 

the  rapid  death  of  tree-  attacked  by  other  insects. 


13 


TWIG-WEEVILS. 


This  is  a  class  of  snout  beetles  or  so-called  weevils  which  deposit 
their  egg*  in  the  living,  dying,  and  dead  twigs  of  trees,  and  the  larvae 
mine  in  the  bark  and  pith.  When  they  infest  the  twigs  of  living  trees 
they  often  do  considerable  damage. 

TWIG    CATERPILLARS. 

These  are  the  larvae  of  moths,  which  burrow  into  the  terminal  twigs 
of  pine  and  other  conifers  and  often  cause  serious  harm.  There  are 
also  certain  kinds  which  attack  the  bark  of  the  twigs  and  cause  masses 
of  pitch  to  form,  in  which  they  live. 

SCALE   INSECTS. 

This  is  an  extensive  class  of  insects  which  infest  the  bark  of  all  sorts 
of  trees  and  are  often  very  injurious.  The  young,  after  hatching 
from  the  eggs  or  mother  scales,  crawl  about  and  attach  themselves  to 
the  bark  by  means  of  their  long,  slender  beaks.  Many  species  exude 
a  kind  of  wax  which  forms  a  scale-like  covering  which  protects  them 
during  their  period  of  growth. 

PLANT-LICE. 

These  are  similar  to  the  plant-lice  which  infest  the  leaves,  but  cer- 
tain kinds  confine  their  attack  to  the  twigs,  especially  some  of  those 
belonging  to  the  genus  Lachrvus.  Some  of  them  are  covered  with  a 
cottony  or  wool-like  substance,  while  others  are  large,  black,  and 
shining. 

GALL    INSECTS. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  gall  insects  which  produce  galls  on  the 
twigs  of  forest  trees,  and  like  those  causing  galls  on  the  leaves 
represent  several  orders  and  families. 

CICADAS. 

This  is  a  class  of  insects  of  which  the  periodical  cicada  is  a  common 
example.  They  often  cause  serious  injury  to  the  twigs,  which  they 
puncture  for  the  purpose  of  depositing  their  eggs. 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  FRUIT  OR  SEEDS. 

This  designation  refers  to  insects  which  attack  the  }'oung  to  matured 
fruit  and  seeds  on  the  living  tree,  or  after  they  have  fallen. 

WEEVILS. 

This  is  a  class  of  snout-beetles  which  are  often  very  injurious  to 
acorns  and  various  kinds  of  nuts.  The  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  young 
fruit  and  the  young  larvae  live  on  the  inner  portion  until  the  nut  or 
fruit  has  matured  and  falls  to  the  ground,  when  they  burrow  their  way 
out  and  go  into  the  ground  to  transform  to  adults,  which  come  out 
the  next  year  in  time  to  repeat  the  operation. 


14 


CONE    AND    NUT  WORMS. 


The  cones  and  fruit  of  pine,  spruce,  and  other  conifers  and  nut- 
bearing  trees  arc  often  infested  by  small  caterpillars  which  prevent 
the  development  of  the  cones  and  seeds. 

CALLS. 

There  are  certain  gall  insects  which  attack  cones  and  cause  a 
deformed  development  either  of  the  cone  or  the  seeds. 

INSECT  INJURY  TO  FOREST  PRODUCTS. 

Insects  injure  various  kinds  of  crude  and  finished  forest  products 
and  reduce  their  value  or  render  them  entirely  worthless. 

INJURY  TO  FRESHLY  CUT  PRODUCTS. 

This  is  caused  by  a  class  of  insects  which  attack  freshly  sawed  lum- 
ber, square  timber,  stave  bolts,  etc.  (See  Timber  beetles  and  Timber 
worms.) 

INJURY  TO  DRY  AND  SEASONED  PRODUCTS. 

This  is  caused  by  a  class  of  insects  which  attack  the  sap  wood  of  sea- 
soned lumber,  handles,  spokes,  and  the  like;  also  tan  bark.  (See 
Powder-post  beetles.) 

BENEFICIAL  INSECTS. 

Prc<J(icr()iis  ///.svy/v.— This  is  a  class  consisting  of  beetles,  wasps,  and 
true  bugs,  which  feed  on  injurious  insects  and  are  often  very  benefi- 
cial in  reducing  the  numbers  of  some  of  the  more  destructive  kinds. 

Parasitic  insects. — This  is  a  class  which  is  represented  by  the  four- 
winged  and  two-winged  flies,  the  larvae  of  which  either  live  within  the 
bodies  of  the  Larvae  and  adults  of  injurious  insects  or  attach  them- 
selves to  the  bodies  of  the  larvae  and  pupa?  and  Mil  them.  This  class 
is  a  very  extensive  one,  and  is  of  enormous  benefit  in  reducing  the 
numbers  and  keeping  in  check  the  ravages  of  the  destructive  species. 

METHOD  OF  PREVENTING  LOSSES. 

The  met  hods  of  preventing  losses  from  depredations  by  forest  insects 
consist  mainly  in  the  adoption  of  improved  methods  of  forest  manage- 
ment, based  on  a  knowledge  of  the  life  histories  and  habits  of  the 
primary  and  secondary  enemies  of  the  trees  and  the  natural  enemies 
of  the  insects.  Recommendations  for  the  application  of  any  method 
must  be  based  on  a  knowledge  of  the  special  insect  or  group  of  insects 
found  to  be  primarily  to  blame  for  the  Losses,  and  must  necessarily 
vary  in  the  details  to  Buit  the  requirements  of  local  conditions,  differ- 
ent kind-  of  insects,  different  kinds  of  trees,  and  different  kinds  of 
forest  products;  it  is  therefore  difficult  and  scarcely  advisable  to  give 
any  general  recommendations  in  this  connection  for  preventing  losses. 
Tin-  will  be  brought  out  in  future  publications,  reports,  and  special 
correspondence. 


CATALOGUE  OF   EXHIBIT. 


Section      L— INSECT   ENEMIES   OF  FORESTS   IN    THE   NORTHWESTERN 

AND  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 
Section     IE— INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FORESTS  IN  GENERAL 
Section  III.— SPECIAL  INVESTIGATIONS. 
Section  IV.— PHOTOGRAPHS. 


SECTION  I. 


INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FOREST    TREES   IN   THE   NORTHWESTERN 
AND  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES. 

NORTHWESTERN  STATES. 

INJURY  BY  AMBROSIA  BEETLES.     ORDER  COLEOPTERA,  FAMILY 

SCOLYTEDiE. 

CASE  1. 

1.  The  Western  Platypus  (Platypus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  long,  branching  galleries  in  the  sapwood  and  heartwood  of  injured, 
dying,  and  recently  felled  Douglas  spruce,  western  hemlock,  and  giant  arbor  ritae. 
California  to  northern  Oregon;  also  reported  from  Washington. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

2.  Western  Hemlock  Wood-Stainer  (Gnathotrkhus  suicatw  L 

Excavates  numerous  branching  galleries  from  a  central  burrow,  the  broods  living 
in  closely  joined  side  chambers;  in  the  sapwood  and  heartwood  of  western  hem- 
lock, Douglas  spruce,  giant  arbor  vitae,  and  grand  fir.  California  to  northern  Wash- 
ington; common  in  hemlock. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

3.  The  Western  Pine  Wood-Stainer  (Gnathotrichus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  transverse  galleries  in  the  surface  of  the  wood  and  branching  ones  deep 
in  the  sapwood  and  heartwood,  the  broods  living  in  short  side  chambers:  western 
yellow  pine  and  Douglas  spruce.  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountain  region,  California 
to  northeastern  Washington. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

4.  The  Eastern  Pine  Wood-Stainer  (Gnathotrichus  materiarius  Fitch). 
Excavates  several  branching  galleries  from  a  single-entrance  burrow,  the  broods 

living  in  short  side  chambers  in  sapwood  and  heartwood  of  injured,  dying,  and 
recently  felled  pine  and  spruce.  Eastern  United  States  and  Canada.  Very  common 
and  injurious. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

15 


16 

5.  The  Spruce  Timber-Beetle  (Trypodendron  biviUatus  Kirby). 

Excavates  several  branching  galleries  from  a  single  entrance  burrow,  the  brood 
developing  in  short  Bide  chambers  in  the  sapwood  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently 
felled  Bpruce,  pine,  hemlock,  cedar,  fir,  and  larch.  Eastern,  northeastern,  and  western 
United  States,  Canada,  and  British  Columbia  to  Alaska;  very  injurious. 

I'. Miliar:    Adnll  and  work. 

6.  The  Birch  Timber-Beetle  (Trypodendron  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  branching  galleries  from  an  entrance  burrow  and  the  broods  develop  in 
short  Bide  chambers  in  Bapwood  and  heart  wood  of  paper  birch.  Kootenai,  Idaho, 
and  northwestern  Maine;  also  other  birches  in  Maine. 

l'.Miir.i  i  :    Adult  and  work. 

7.  The  Cosmopolitan  Timber-Beetle  (Xylebornx  s<ursnii  Ratz.). 

Excavates  branching  galleries  and  broad  brocd  chambers  from  an  entrance  burrow- 
in  Bapwood  and  beartwood  of  Douglas  spruce  in  Oregon,  red  oak  in  Maine,  apple  and 
hemlock  in  West  Virginia,  and  oak,  beech,  maple,  lime  tree,  poplar,  pine,  Bpruce, 

and  fruit  trees  in  Europe.     Widely  distributed  in  different  countries  of  the  world, 
especially  in  Europe,  North  America,  and  Japan. 
El  initrr:    Adult  and  work. 

INJURY  BY  BARK-BEETLES.     ORDER  COLEOPTERA,  FAMILY 

SCOLYTHXffi. 

CASE  2. 

8.  The  Hairy  Cryphalus  (Oryphalus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  broad,  irregular  chambers  in  dying  and  dead  bark  of  grand  fir.     Port 
Williams,  Wash. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

9.  The  Western  Oak  Bark-Beetle  {Pityopkihvru*  pubipennis  Lee). 

Excavate-  two  transverse  gall^les  from  a  central  entrance  burrow  in  the  bark  of 
injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  California  black  oak,  Oregon  white  oak,  and  pos- 
sibly other  oaks.     California  to  Oregon. 

Exhibit:   Adult  and  work. 

10.  The  Densely-punctured  Bark-Beetle  (Pityophthorus  confinis  Lee), 
Excavates  a   large  central   chamber  and   several   radiating  primary  galleries  with 

very  deep  egg  cavities  in   living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and   recently  felled  western 
yellow  pine.     Northern  California,  eastern  Washington,  and  western  Idaho. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

11.  The  Lodg-epole  Pine  Bark-Beetle  (Pityophthorus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  radiating  curved  longitudinal  galleries  from  a  medium-sized  central  cham- 
ber in  living  bark  on  large  branches  of  dying  lodgepole  pine.     Eastern  Washington. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

12.  The  Knobcone  Pine  Bark-Beetle  (PUyopMhorus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  several  radiating  galleries  from  a  large  central  chamber  in  living  bark  on 
branches  of  injured  and  dying  knobcone  pine  and  western  yellow  pine.     Berkeley, 

( "al..  ami  Albany.  <  >reg. 
1 1  kit:    Work. 

13.  The  Monterey  Pine  Twig-Beetle  (PUyopkthonu  puneHeoUis  Lee). 

avatefl  Small   radiating,  curved,  naileries  from  a  large  central  chamber  in  twigs 
and    branches  of  dying  and  felled    Monterey  pine,  shore  pine,  western   yellow   pine. 
knobcone   pine,    Sitka  spruce,   and    mountain   <>r  silver  pine.      Middle  California  to 
northern  Washington. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  w ork. 


17 

14.  Tlie  Sitka  Spruce  Twig-Beetle  {Pilyophthorus  nitkhdm  Mann.). 
Excavates  three  or  four  radiating  galleries  from  a  medium-sized  central  chamber  in 

bark  of  Sitka  spruce,  mountain  pine,  shore  pine,  and  Douglas  spruce.     California  to 
Alaska,  coast  and  Cascade  region.     Common. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

15.  The  Jeffrey  Pine  Twig-Beetle  |  PityopJiihorus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  small  central  chambers  and  long  longitudinal  galleries  in  living  bark  of 
twigs  and  branches  on  living,  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  Jeffrey  pine  and 
western  yellow  pine.  Mount  Shasta.  California,  to  Albany,  Oreg.,  and  Moscow 
Mountains,  Idaho. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

16.  The  Smaller  Fir  Bark-Beetle  (Pifyophthorus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  transverse  galleries  from  a  central  chamber  in  the  bark  of  dying  grand 
fir  and  mountain  or  silver  pine.     Kootenai,  Idaho. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE  3. 

17.  The  Mountain  Pine  Wood-Engraver  (Pityogeitt*  n.  - 

Excavates  large  central  chambers  and  numerous  curved  primary  galleries  in  the 
bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  mountain  or  silver 
pine  and  grand  fir.     Kootenai,  Idaho. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

18.  The  Yellow  Pine  Wood-Engraver  {Piiyogenes  carinulattis  Lee). 
Excavates  numerous  radiating  galleries  from  a  large  central  chamber  in  living  bark 

and  surface  of  wood  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  western  yellow  pine  and 
Jeffrey  pine.     California  to  eastern  Washington,  western  Idaho,  and  Colorado. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

19.  The  Western  Fir  Bark-Beetle  i  Tomicus  n.  B 

Excavates  several  radiating,  curved,  transversa  galleries  from  a  small  central 
chamber  in  the  bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  injured,  declining,  or  dying  grand  fir, 
California  white  fir.  Mount  Shasta,  California,  and  Moscow  Mountains,  Idaho. 
Common. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

20.  The  Smaller  Sugar  Pine  Tomicus  (Tomicus  Intuitu*  Lee). 

Excavates  two  or  three  longitudinal  galleries  from  a  small  central  chamber  in  living 
bark  of  branches  of  dying  and  recently  felled  sugar  pine.  Grants  Pass,  Oregon; 
also  California  to  Colorado. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

21.  The  Sitka  Spruce  Tomicus  ( Tom  nmuMaon.). 

Excavates  irregular  central  chambers,  and  three  or  four  short  curved  galleries,  in 
partly  living  bark  of  injured,  'lying,  and  recently  felled  Monterey  pine,  shore  pine, 
and  Sitka  spruce.     Coast  region,  middle  California  to  Alaska. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

22.  The  Oregon  Tomicus  i  Tom ictu  oregoni  Eichh.). 

Excavates  two  or  three  longitudinal  galleries  from  a  small  central  chamber  in  the 
bark  of  living,  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  western  yellow  pine,  lodgepole 
pine,  silver  pine,  and  probably  other  pines  in  the  Northwest.  Destructive  to  the 
western  yellow  pine  in  western  Idaho. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

$235— No. 


18 

23.  The  Western  Five-Spined  Tomicus  (  Tomicus  confusua  Lee). 

Excavates  one  to  three  Long  Longitudinal  galleries  from  a  medium-sized  central 
chamber  in  the  Living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  yellow  pine. 
M->init  Shasta,  California,  and  Grants  Pass,  Oregon;  also  recorded  from  southern 
California  and  Arizona. 

Exhibit:  A.tult  and  work. 

CASE  4. 

24.  The  Silver  Pine  Tomicus  (Tomicus  n.  sp.). 

ExcaVates  very  long,  straight,  longitudinal,  and  transverse  curved  galleries  from  a 
Large  central  chamber  in  the  bark  of  living,  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  moun- 
tain or  silver  pine  and  sugar  pine.  Grants  Pass.  Oregon,  and  Kootenai,  Idaho. 
Common  and  evidently  a  destructive  species. 

K\  BIB] t:    Adult  and  work. 

25.  The  Four-Spined  Tomicus  ( Tomicus  integer  Eichh.). 

Excavates  several  longitudinal  primary  galleries  from  a  large  central  chamber  in 
living  bark  of  western  yellow  pine  and  lodgepole  pine.  Eastern  Washington;  also 
recorded  from  California,  Washington,  and  Colorado. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE  5. 

26.  The  Sugar  Pine  Wood-Engraver  (Carphoborus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  several  long,  curved,  longitudinal  galleries  in  the  surface  of  the  wood 
from  a  deep  central  chamber  in  injured  or  dying  sugar  pine,  yellow  pine,  Douglas 
spruce,  and  Sitka  spruce:  Grants  Pass,  St.  Helen,  and  Ahlers,  Oregon;  also  middle 
California. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

27.  The  "Western  Cedar  Bark-Beetle  (Phlozosinus punctatus  Lee). 
Excavates  a  single  straight  longitudinal  or  curved  subtransverse  gallery  from  a 

basal  chamber  in  the  living  bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently 
felled  giant  arbor vitse,  incense  cedar,  and  Port  Orford  cedar.     California  to  northern 
and  eastern  Washington  and  Rocky  Mountain  region.     Common. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

28.  The  Sitka  Spruce  Dolurgus  (Dolurgus pumilis  Mann.). 

Excavates  irregular,  confused  galleries  in  dying  and  dead  bark  of  dead  and  felled 
Sitka  spruce.     Southern  and  central  Oregon. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE  <;. 

29.  The  Redwood  Bark-Beetle  ( PfUceosinvs  sequoise  Hopk.) . 

Excavates  a  long,  straight,  longitudinal  gallery  from  a  basal  chamber  in  living 
bark  of  injured,  declining,  and  recently  felled  redwood  and  giant  arborvita'.  Cali- 
fornia to  northern  Washington.      Very  common  in  redwood. 

K\  iiinir:    Adult  and  work. 

CASE  7. 

30.  The  Western  Pine-Destroyer  {Dendroctonus  brevicomis  Lee). 

Excavates  Long,  winding  galleries  through  the  bark  of  living  and  injured  western 
yellow  pine  and  BUgarpine.  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountain  region,  New  .Mexico  to 
British  Columbia.  Closely  allied  with  the  destructive  pine  bark-beetle  of  the  East 
and  Capable  Of  greal  destruction  of  the  largest  and  best  timber. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 


19 

CASE  8. 

31.  The  Dark-Red  Turpentine-Beetle  (Dendroctonus  valens  Lee. ) . 

The  largest  North  American  bark-beetle.  Excavates  very  broad  and  long  primary 
galleries,  the  broods  developing  in  broad  side  chambers  in  the  bark  of  living,  injured, 
dying,  and  recently  felled  yellow  pine,  lodgepole  pine,  and  doubtless  most  of  the 
other  western  pines.  California  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to  Kansas  and 
northern  Michigan.  A  variety  extends  into  the  eastern  United  States.  Common 
and  injurious,  but  not  necessarily  destructive  to  living  timber. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

32.  The  Mountain  Pine  Dendroctonus  (Dendroctonus  n.  sp. ). 

A  medium-sized  black  bark-beetle,  excavating  very  long,  winding  galleries  in  the 
bark  of  living,  injured  or  declining,  and  recently  felled  mountain  or  silver  pine  and 
sugar  pine.  Northern  California  to  Washington  eastward  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 
Very  common  and  capable  of  great  destruction  of  the  best  timber. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

cases  9  a:>t:d  io. 

33.  The   Douglas  Spruce  Dendroctonus  {Dendroctonus  n.  sp.  ).     (Dendroctonus 

shndis  in  Division  of  Entomology,  Bui.  21,  n.  s. ). 
A  large,  reddish  bark-beetle,  excavating  long  longitudinal,  slightly  curved  primary 
galleries  in  the  bark  of  living,  injured,  and  recently  felled  Douglas  spruce  and  west- 
ern larch.     New  Mexico  to  British  Columbia,  Pacific  coast  and  eastward  through  the 
mountain  regions.     Very  common  and  capable  of  destroying  much  valuable  timber. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE  lO. 

34.  The  Western  Pine  Hylurgops  (Hylurgops  subcostulatus  Mann.). 
Excavates  short,   slightly  curved,   longitudinal  galleries  in  the  living  bark  of 

injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  sugar  pine,  western  white  pine,  western  yellow 
pine,  lodgepole  pine,  and  probably  other  pines  on  the  Pacific  coast.     Cascade  and 
Rocky  Mountain  region.     Common. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

35.  The  Sitka  Spruce  Hylurgops  (Hylurgops  rugipennis  Mann.). 

Excavates  a  short,  curved,  longitudinal  and  subtransverse  gallery  from  an  entrance 
in  the  living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  Sitka  spruce  and  shore  pine. 
Coast  region,  California  to  Washington  and  Alaska. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE  11. 

36.  The  Fir  Wood-Engraver  (Hyksluus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  a  small  central  chamber  at  one  side  of  the  junction  of  two  short  trans- 
verse, slightly  curved  egg  galleries,  which  are  deeply  grooved  in  the  surface  of  the 
wood;  the  larvye  also  groove  or  engrave  the  surface  of  the  wood  in  an  ornamental 
manner.  Infests  the  grand  fir  and  Douglas  spruce.  Port  Williams  and  Port  Angeles, 
Wash.     Common. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

37.  The  Larger  Fir-Tree  Bark-Beetle  (Hylesinus  gronvlatus  Lee.). 
Excavates  one  or  two  transverse  galleries  from  a  central  burrow  in  the  bark  and 

surface  of  wood  near  the  base  of  dying  grand  fir.     Port  Williams,   Wash.;  also 
recorded  from  California. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 


20 

38.  The  Grand  Fir  Bark-Beetle  {HyUtinus  n.  sp. ). 

ivatee  two  separate,  transverse  galleries  from  a  central  entrance  burrow  in  the 
hark  and  surface  of  wood  of  recently  felled  grand  fir.    Port  Angeles  and  Port  Williams, 
Wash. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

39.  The  Shore  Pine  Hylesinus  (Hylesinus  senceus  Mann.). 

Excavates  one  short,  Longitudinal  gallery  from  the  entrance  burrow  and  small  side 
cavity  in  living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  shore  pine.  Newport  and 
Seaside,  Oreg.     Common.     Also  recorded  from  California  and  Alaska. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

40.  The  Ash-Tree  Bark-Beetle  (Hylesinus  aculeatus  Say). 

Excavates  two  long,  transverse  galleries,  from  a  central  entrance  burrow  and  side 
cavity  in  the  living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  ash.  Atlantic  to 
Pacific  coast.     Common.     Specimens  from  Oregon  ash,  St.  Helen,  Oreg. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

41.  The  White-Alder  Bark-Beetle  (Hylesinus  aspericollis  Lee). 

Excavates  a  moderately  long,  longitudinal  gallery  from  a  basal  entrance  burrow 
in  the  bark  of  living,  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  white  alder.  Newport, 
Detroit,  and  Astoria,  Oreg.,  and  Seattle,  Wash.;  also  recorded  from  California.  A 
destructive  enemy,  causing  the  death  of  large  trees. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

42.  The  Western  Hemlock  Bark-Beetle  (Hylesinus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  one  or  two  transverse  galleries  from  a  central  burrow  in  bark  and  sur- 
face of  wood  of  living,  injured,  and  recently  felled  western  hemlock,  causing  "gum 
spot"  defects  in  the  wood  of  living  trees,  and  may  cause  the  death  of  the  best  tim- 
ber.    Newport,  Oreg.,  and  Port  Angeles,  Wash. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE  12. 

43.  The  Douglas  Spruce  Hylesinus  (Hylesinus  nebulosus  Lee). 

Excavates  two  short,  straight,  longitudinal  galleries  from  a  central  entrance  bur- 
row in  the  living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  Douglas  spruce.  Cali- 
fornia to  British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  Idaho  and  Colorado.     Very  common. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

44.  The  Single  Spine  Scolytus  (Scolytus  unispinosus  Lee). 

Excavates  two  short,  straight,  longitudinal  galleries  from  an  entrance  burrow  in 
living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  Douglas  spruce  and  western  larch. 
Pacific  coast,  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountain  region.     Common. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

45.  The  Fir-Branch  Scolytus  (Scolytus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  two  short,  Longitudinal  galleries  from  a  central  burrow  and  side  cavity 
in  living  hark  of  the  branches  of  recently  felled  grand  fir.  Cascade  Mountain-  near 
( rrants  Pass,  ( nvgon. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

46.  The  Smaller  Fir-Tree  Scolytus  (Scolytus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  two  transverse  or  oblique,  Slightly  curved  galleries  from  a  central 
entrance  burrow  and  side  cavity  in  the  bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  injured  and 
dying  grand  fir.      Kootenai,  Idaho. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 


21 

CASE  13. 

47.  Tlie  California  White  Fir  Scolytus  (Scolytus prseceps  Lee). 

Excavates  two,  nearly  straight,  transverse  galleries  from  a  central  entrance  burrow 
and  basal  cavity  in  living  bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  California  white  fir.  Mount 
Shasta,  California,  and  grand  fir,  Sand  Point,  Idaho.  Closely  allied  in  character  and 
habits  to  Xo.  48. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

48.  The  Fir  Tree  Destroyer  (Scolytus  subscaber  Lee.). 

Excavates  two  long,  nearly  straight,  transverse  galleries  from  a  central  entrance 
burrow  and  central  or  side  cavity,  in  bark  of  living,  injured,  and  declining  grand  fir, 
California  white  fir,  and  doubtless  other  species  of  fir.  California  to  British  Colum- 
bia, eastern  Washington,  and  western  and  northern  Idaho.  The  healed-over  wounds 
in  living  trees  cause  serious  defects  and  rapid  decay  of  the  heartwood. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

BARK  AND  WOOD-BORING  GRUBS.     ORDER  COLEOPTERA,   FAMI- 
LIES BTJPRESTIDiE  AND  CERAMBYCEDiE. 

CASE   l~i,  ANT3   PAET   OF   CASE  lo. 

49.  The  Douglas  Spruce  Bark-Borer  (Asemum  nitidum  Lee.). 

A  round-headed,  bark-boring  grub,  boring  transverse  and  winding  galleries  in  the 
bark  of  living,  injured,  and  declining  Douglas  spruce  and  hemlock.  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, near  Detroit,  Oreg.,  St.  Helen,  Oreg.,  and  Port  Williams,  Wash.  A  very  com- 
mon and  destructive  enemy  of  the  Douglas  spruce.  The  healed-over  wounds  in  the 
wood  cause  serious  defects,  and  the  trees  die  from  successive  attacks. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

50.  The  White-Pine  Sawyer  {Monohammus  scutellatus  Say.). 

A  large,  whitish  round-headed,  bark  and  wood-boring  grub,  excavating  burrows 
through  the  sapwood  and  deep  into  the  heartwood  of  fire-scorched,  declining,  dying, 
dead,  and  recently  felled  mountain  or  silver  pine.  Kootenai,  Idaho,  and  white  pine 
in  eastern  and  northern  United  States.     Common  and  destructive. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

51.  The  Ponderous  Sawyer  (Ergates  spiculatus  Lee). 

An  exceedingly  large,  round-headed,  bark  and  wood-boring  grub,  excavating  large 
and  deep  burrows  in  the  sapwood  and  heartwood  of  dead  and  felled  western  yellow 
pine:  destructive  to  the  wood  of  timber  that  has  been  dead  or  felled  one  or  more 
years.     Southern  Oregon. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

52.  The  Western  Cedar  Bark-Borer  (Hylotrupes  amethystinus  Lee). 

A  medium-sized  bark  and  wood-boring  grub,  excavating  long,  winding  burrows  in 
the  living  bark  and  surface  of  the  wood  and  boring  into  the  sapwood  of  injured, 
dying,  and  recently  felled  giant  arbor  vitas  and  incense  cedar.  Northern  California 
to  Washington. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

53.  The  Bronze  Birch-Borer  [AgrUus  anxius  Gory). 

A  long,  flat-headed,  slender,  wood-boring  grub,  excavating  long,  winding  burrows 
in  the  bark  and  surface  of  the  wood  of  living  and  injured  birch  and  poplar  trees  in 
northern  Idaho,  northern  Maine,  and  mountains  of  West  Virginia;  also  recorded 
from  northern  Michigan,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Quebec,  and  Ontario. 
A  destructive  enemy  of  the  birches  and  poplar. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 


22 

INJURY  BY  GALL  INSECTS.     ORDER  HYMENOPTERA. 
PAET  (  >K  <    ask    IS. 

54.  Bird's-eye  Pine  ( Chalcididf) . 

A  common  condition  of  the  wood  of  the  western  yellow  pine  evidently  caused  by 
a  minute  foar-winged  gnat,  fragments  of  which  were  found  in  pitch  grails  in  the  bark 
<»f  the  main  stem  of  young  living  pine.  The  formation  of  corky  wood  cells  around 
the  accumulation  of  pitch  in  the  wound  produces  in  the  subsequent  layers  of  wood 
the  wavy  and  so-called  birds-eye  effect  in  the  wood  of  larger  trees.  Insects  found  in 
specimen  at  Albany,  Oreg.     Specimen  of  wood  from  Grants  Pass,  Oreg. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

55.  The  Oak-Twig  Ormyrus  (Ormyrus  sp. ). 

A  minute  four-winged  gnat  breeding  in  small  gall-like  cavities  in  the  living  bark 
on  the  branches  and  twigs  of  the  Oregon  white  oak  in  western  Oregon,  causing  the 
small  and  large  oak  trees  to  present  a  dying  appearance,  due  to  the  great  number  of 
dying  twigs  and  dead  leaves.  The  healed-over  wounds  produce  deformed  branches 
and  defective  wood. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

INJURY  BY  BARK  AND  WOOD-BORING   GRUBS.     ORDER   COLEOP- 
TERA,  FAMILY  BUPRESTID^. 

CASE  1<>. 

56.  The  Western  Hemlock  Bark-Borer  [MdanophUa  drummondt  Kirby). 

A  medium-sized,  flat-headed,  bark-boring  grub,  excavating  shallow,  winding  bur- 
rows through  the  inner  layers  of  bark  of  living,  injured,  and  recently  felled  western 
hemlock  and  Douglas  spruce;  California  to  northern  and  eastern  Washington  and 
western  Idaho,  and  in  the  noble  fir  near  Detroit,  Oreg.  A  very  common  and 
destructive  enemy,  killing  the  largest  and  best  trees,  or  causing  serious  "gum  spol  " 
defects  in  the  wood  of  living  ones. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

INJURY   BY   BARK-WEEVILS.     ORDER   COLEOPTERA,   FAMILY 

CURCTJLIONID7E. 

FAJRT  OF  CASE  17. 

57.  The  Sugar  Pine  Bark- Weevil  (Pissodes  sp. ). 

Adult  snout-beetle  deposits  eggs  in  the  outer  bark  of  young  living  and  injured 
sugar  pine,  producing  small  whitish  grubs  which  mine  through  the  inner  bark  and 
change  to  the  adult  in  oval  cavities  excavated  in  the  surface  of  the  wood,  causing  the 
death  or  abnormal  development  of  the  trees.     Grants  Pass,  Oreg. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

58.  The  Douglas  Spruce  Twig- Weevil  (Ourculionid) . 

A  small  snout-beetle  which  deposits  eggs  in  cavities  in  the  bark  of  the  small  cen- 
tral shoots  and  terminal  twigs  of  young,  living  Douglas  spruce.  The  small  whitish 
grata  mine  through  the  inner  bark  and  enter  the  pith  to  change  to  the  adult,  killing 
the  t\\  igs  and  causing  a  deformed  development  of  the  tree.     St.  Helen.  <  >re-_r. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

59.  The  Pine  Fungus-Gall  Weevil  ( (  kircuUonid). 

A  small  snout-beetle  breeding  in  the  bark  and  wood  of  a  common  fungus  gall  on 
the  shore  pine  and  western  yellow  pine,  caoaing  the  death  of  the  branches  and  young 
Newport,  Oreg.,  and  MOSCOW  Mountains,  Idaho. 
Exhibit:  Work. 


23 

INJURY  TO  DEAD  WOOD  AND  BARK  BY  POWDER-POST  BEETLES. 

ORDER  COLEOPTERA,   FAMILY  PTINIDiE. 

PART   OF   CASE   17. 

60.  The  Pine  Wood  Perforator  (Ptinid  f). 

Small  white  grubs  burrow  through  the  dead  wood  of  western  yellow-pine  logs, 
causing  rapid  decay.     Grants  Pass,  Oreg. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

61.  The  Giant  Arbor  Vitae  Ptinid  {Ptinid). 

Small  white  grubs  boring  in  the  dead  heartwood  of  living  giant  arborvita?,  con- 
tributing to  the  rapid  decay  of  the  heartwood.     Port  Angeles,  Wash. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

62.  The  Giant  Arbor  Vitas  Dryophilus  (Dryophilus  sp.). 

A  small  whitish  grub  and  brownish  beetle,  breeding  in  the  outer  bark  of  the  giant 
arborvita?.  Its  work  is  very  common.  Detroit,  Oreg.,  and  Port  Angeles,  Wash. 
"Represents  a  European  family  and  genus  heretofore  unrecorded  from  Xorth 
America. ' '     ( Schwarz. ) 

Exhibit:  Work. 

INJURY  TO  TWIGS  BY  BARK  MAGGOT.     ORDER  DIPTERA,  FAMILY 

CECIDOMYILEXa:. 

PART   OF  CASE   17. 

63.  The  Pine  Twig  Maggot  {Cecidomyiid). 

Minute  reddish  maggot,  living  hi  the  bark  of  terminal  twigs  of  the  western  yellow 
pine,  causing  the  leaves  to  turn  yellow  and  die.  Moscow  Mountains,  Idaho. 
Common. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

INJURY    BY    GALL    INSECTS.     ORDER    HEMIPTERA,    FAMILY 

APHIDIDiE. 
CASE  18. 

64.  The  Sitka  Spruce  Gall-Louse  (Cherme*  tnbiricug  f). 

A  minute  insect  forming  cone-like  galls  on  the  terminal  twigs  of  the  Sitka  spruce 
at  Newport,  Oreg.     Very  common  and  injurious  to  young  trees. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

65.  The  Englemann  Spruce  Gall-Louse  (  Ckermm  sibiricus  f,  var. ). 

Same  habit  as  64,  but  probably  a  variety  or  different  species.     Common  on  Engle- 
mann spruce  at  Sand  Point,  Idaho. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

INJURY  BY  CICADA.     ORDER  HEMIPTERA,   FAMILY   CICADLDiE. 

CASE  18. 

66.  Small  Western  Cicada  [deada  sp.). 
Injuring  twigs  of  Douglas  spruce,  St.  Helen,  Oreg. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

INJURY    BY    TWIG-MINER.      ORDER     LEPIDOPTERA,    FAMILY 

TORTRICLDiE. 

CASE  18. 

67.  The  Pine  Twig-Miner  (Tortricid). 

A  caterpillar  of  a  moth  with  similar  habits  to  that  of  the  pine  moth  of  Nantucket, 
excavating  burrows  through  the  pith  of  the  terminal  twigs  and  shoots  of  young  west- 
ern yellow  pine.  Moscow  Mountains,  Idaho,  where  it  was  common  and  quite 
injurious. 

Exhibit:  Work. 


24 

NORTHEASTERN  STATES. 

INJURY   BY   BARK    AND    TWIG-BEETLES.     ORDER    COLEOPTERA. 
FAMILY  SCOLYTID^. 

CASE    L9. 

68.  The  Balsam  Fir  Cryphalus  (  Uryphdlusn.  sp. ). 

Excavates  irregular,  broad,  elongate  egg  chambers  to  one  Bide  of  the  entrance  bur- 

niw  in  the  l»ark  and  surface  of  wood,  the  larval  galleries  radiating  in  all  directions  and 
deeply  grooved  in  the  surface  of  the  wood  of  the  branches  of  dying  and  dead  balsam 
fir.     Shores  and  islands  of  Parniacheene  Lake  and  Rump  Mountain,  Maine. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

69.  The  Spruce  Cryphalus  (  Cryphalus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  broad  transverse  egg  chambers  in  the  bark  and  surface  of  wood;  the 
larval  galleries  but  slightly  grooved  in  the  surface  of  the  wood  of  dying  and  dead  red 

spruce  and  balsam  iir.     Islands  and  shores  of  Parniacheene  Lake  and  near  Portland, 
Me.     Common  in  bark  of  small  dying  and  dead  red  spruce. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

70.  The  Minute  Oak  Bark-Beetle  (Pityoplrfhoriis  minutissimus  Zimm.). 
Excavates  two  straight  transverse  galleries  from  a  central  entrance  burrow  and 

elongate  longitudinal  chamber  in  the  bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  branches  on  living, 
dying,  and  felled   trees,  rarely  in  the  thicker  bark  on  the  main  trunk,  of  red  oak, 
southern  Maine,  and  other  oaks  in  the  eastern  United  States. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

71.  The  Minute  Birch  Bark-Beetle  (PityopMhorus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  galleries  like  that  of  the  minute  oak  bark-beetle  (  70)  in  the  living  and 
•  lying  bark  of  branches  of  the  paper  birch.     Southern  Massachusetts. 
Exhibit:   Adult  and  work. 

72.  The  White  Pine  Twig-Beetle  {PityopMhorus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  several  long,  winding  galleries  from  a  central  chamber  in  the  bark; 
deeply  grooved  in  the  surface  of  the  wood  of  small  dying  and  broken  branches  of 
white  pine.     Camp  Caribou,  Maine. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

73.  The  Minute  Spruce-Twig  Wood-Engraver  (PUyojthihorun  n.  sp.). 
Excavates  a  large  central  chamber  and   several  curved  galleries  in  the  bark  and 

deeply  grooved  in  the  surface  of  the  wood  of  small  branches  of  felled   red  spruce. 
Shore-  of  Barkers  Lake,  Maine,  and  West  Virginia. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

74.  The  Spruce  Wood-Engraver  (  PityopMhorus  cariflicepe  Lee). 

Excavates  many  short,  radiating,  curved  galleries  from  a  large  central  chamber  in 
the  bark  and  surface  of  the  wood  of  twi<rs  and  branches  of  dying  trees  and  main 
stem  of  young,  dying  red  spruce.  Western  Maine  to  Morgantowh,  W.  Va.,  and 
Detroit,  Mich. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

75.  The  Black  Spruce  Wood-Engraver  (PityopMhorus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  short    longitudinal   galleries  from  the  entrance  burrow  in  the  bark  and 
surface  of  wood  of  small,  dying  black  spruce.      Shores  of   Parniacheene  bake,  north- 
western   Maine;    Peakes    Island,  in  Casco   Bay,  Maine,  and  Adirondaeks,  New  York. 
[IB]  i      \i lult  and  work. 


25 

76.  The  White  Pine  Wood-Engraver  (Pityogcnes  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  numerous  short,  radiating,  curved  egg  galleries  from  a  large  central 
chamber  in  the  bark  and  surface  of*wobd  of  large  and  small  branches  and  small, 
dying  white  pine.  Northern  Maine  to  West  Virginia.  Common.  Heretofore  rec- 
ognized as  Pityophthorus  sparms  Lee. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE  SO. 

77.  The  Small  Red  Spruce  Bark-Beetle  (Dryoccetes  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  three  or  four  short,  curved  galleries  from  a  small  central  cavity  in  the 
bark  and  surface  of  the  wood  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  felled  red,  white,  and 
black  spruce,  Maine  to  northern  New  York,  and  the  red  spruce  in  the  mountains  of 
West  Virginia.     Common. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

78.  The  American  Spruce  Bark-Beetle  (Dryoccetes  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  short,  irregular  galleries  in  the  living  bark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently 
felled  red,  white,  and  black  spruce  in  Maine,  spruce  and  pine  in  West  Virginia; 
also  in  spruce  and  pine  in  Europe.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe  and  eastern  North 
America. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

79.  The  Birch  Bark-Beetle  (Dryoccetes  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  irregular  galleries  in  the  bark  of  living,  injured,  and  dying  birch.  North- 
western Maine  and  mountains  of  West  Virginia.  Common.  Under  favorable  condi- 
tions causes  the  death  of  large  trees. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

80.  The  Balsam  Fir  Bark-Beetle  (Tomicus  bahameus  Lee). 

Excavates  several  radiating,  curved,  transverse  galleries  from  a  small  central  cham- 
ber in  the  living  and  dying  bark  of  injured  and  dying  balsam  fir  and  red  and  black 
spruce.     Western  Maine;  also  recorded  from  northern  Michigan  and  New  York. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

81.  The  White  Spruce  Bark-Beetle  (Tomicus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  several  long,  radiating,  longitudinal  egg  galleries  from  a  large  central 
chamber  in  the  living  bark  of  recently  felled  white  spruce.  Near  Camp  Caribou, 
northwestern  Maine. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

82.  The  Hudson  Bay  Tomicus  (Tomicus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  one  or  two  longitudinal  primary  galleries  from  a  central  burrow  and 
small  central  chambers  in  the  living  bark  of  recently  felled  white  and  red  spruce. 
Northwestern  Maine;  also  recorded  from  Canada  and  British  Columbia. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CASE   31. 

83.  The  Spruce  Bark-Beetle  (Polygraphia  rufipennis  Kirby). 

Excavates  three  or  four  short,  curved  egg  galleries  from  a  large  central  chamber  in 
the  surface  of  the  inner  bark,  through  the  bark  and  slightly  grooving  the  surface  of 
the  wood  of  injured,  declining,  dying,  and  recently  felled  black,  red,  and  white 
spruce,  and  rare  in  balsam  fir.  Very  common  throughout  the  northern  and  Appa- 
lachian spruce  regions. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

84.  The  Cedar  Bark-Beetle  (Phlceosinvs  dentatus  Lee). 

Excavates  a  single  short  longitudinal  egg  gallery  from  the  entrance  burrow  and 
basal  chambers,  in  the  bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  injured  and  dying  juniper  and 
eastern  arborvita?.     Eastern  and  northwestern  United  States  and  Canada.    Common. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 


26 

86.  The  Pnrmacheene  Bark-Beetle  I  Xylochinus  n.  sp. ). 

Excavates  short,  irregular  egg  galleries  io  the  dead  hark  of  small  red  Bpruce  and 

balsam  lir.      Inlands  of  I'armacheene  Lake.   Maine. 

Exhibit:  \\'<>rk. 

87.  The  Red  Spruce  Scolytus  [Scolytus  n.  sp.). 

Excavates  two  longitudinal  egg  galleries  from  a  mitral  entrance  burrowand  small 
lateral  cavity  in  the  Living  bark  of  branches  of  dying  and  recently  felled  red  spruce. 
Northwestern  Maine  and  Peak's  Island,  near  Portland,  Me. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

CAS1-;  33. 

88.  The  Minute  Spruce  Bark-Beetle  (Qrypturgu*  atomils  Lee. ). 

Enters  the  galleries  of  other  bark-beetles,  from  which  it  excavates  numerous  very 
small.  irregular  galleries  through  the  inner  bark  of  dying  and  dead  black  and  red 
Bpruce  and  white  pine.     Northwestern  Maine. 

K\  iiiiut:   Adult  and  work. 

89.  The  Spruce-Destroying- Beetle  (Dendroctonus  piceaperda  Ilopk.). 
Excavates  Long,  Longitudinal  egg  galleries  from  a  basal  entrance  burrow  in  the 

bark,  and  grooving  the  wood  of  Living  and  injured  red  and  white  spruce  trees.  Very 
destructive  to  the  largest  and  best  timber.  Northern  Maine  to  New  York  and  New 
Brunswick.  This  is  the'great  enemy  of  the  red  and  white  spruce  of  the  northeastern 
Bpruce  region,  having  caused  the  death  and  loss  of  avast  amount  of  timber.  For 
methods  of  preventing  losses,  see  Bulletin  28,  n.  s.,  Division  of  Entomology,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 
Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

ENEMIES  OF  BARK-BEETLES.     BIRDS  AND  INSECTS. 
PART  OF   CASE    ,*J.i. 

90.  Work  of  woodpeckers  in  spruce  bark,  when  infested  with  the  spruce- 

destroying  beetle. 
These  birds  are  exceedingly  beneficial  in  destroying  the  greatest  enemy  of  the 
spruce. 

!•'. 1 1 1 1 hit:   Work. 

91.  The  Cloudy  Bark-Beetle  Destroyer  {Thanatimus  nubUtu  Kl.). 

Theadulte  feed  on  the  adults  of  the  spruce-destroying  and  other  bark-beetles, 
and  its  young  or  larvae  prey  upon  their  developing  broods.  Very  beneficial.  The 
specimen  .»f  bark  shows  the  pupa  case  of  the  Clerid  in  an  egg  gallery  of  the  spruce- 
destroying  beetle. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

92.  Polyporus  volvatus  Peck. 

A  fungus  growing  from  entrance  and  exit  burrows  of  the  spruce-destroying  beetle 
in  the  bark,  and  the  spruce-timber  beetle  in  the  wood,  and  from  those  of  other  bark 
and  wood  boring  insects  in  dying  ami  recently  chad  spruce  trees  killed  by  thespruce- 
destroying  beetle  in  the  Northeast,  and  the  (ir-destroying  scolytus  in  the  Northwest. 

The  presence  of  this  fungus  usually  indicates  the  destructive  work  of  insects. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

93.  Parasitic  Enemy  of  the  Spruce-Destroying  Beetle  (Bracon  rimplex  Ci 

The  adult  deposits  eggB  in  tin-  hark  with  the  developing  brood  of  the  bark-beetle: 

the  young  maggot-like  larva  feed  upon  and  kill  the  young.     Very  common  and  bene- 
ficial.    Maine  to  West  Virginia.     A.lso  attacks  numerous  other  bark-infesting  insects. 

Tli'    bark    Specimen  .-how-   tin- cocoon  in  which  the  matured  larva  develops  to  the 
adult. 

iimi  :    Adult  and  work. 


27 

INJURY  BY  BARK  AND  WOOD  BORING  GRUBS.  ORDER  COLE- 
OPTERA,  FAMILIES  BUPRESTID2E,  CERAMBYCIDiE,  AND  MEL- 
ANDRYED-ffi. 

CASE  34. 

94.  Buprestid. 

Work  of  flat-headed  bark  and  wood  miner  in  wood  of  dying  balsam  fir. 
Exhibit:  Work. 

95.  The  Destructive  Spruce-Wood  Borer  (Tetropium  ckmamopterum  Kirby  . 

A  slender,  round-headed,  bark  and  wood  boring  grub  which  excavates  winding 
burrows  through  the  inner  bark  and  surface  of  the  wood,  then  enters  the  sapwood  and 
changes  to  the  adult.  Infests  slightly  injured,  declining,  and  recently  felled  red,  black. 
and  white  spruce.  Maine  to  West  Virginia.  Common,  and  very  destructive  to  the 
wood  of  dying  trees,  and  may  also  cause  the  death  of  slightly  injured  ones. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

96.  The  Cedar  Tree  Borer  ( Hylotru pes  ligneus  Fab.j. 

A  slender,  whitish,  bark  and  wood  boring  grub,  excavating  winding  burrows  in 
the  bark  and  surface  of  the  wood  of  living  arborvita?,  causing  the  death  of  the  trees, 
and  serious  defects  in  the  wood  of  living  ones.     Common  in  northwestern  Maine. 

Exhibit:  Adult  and  work. 

97.  The  Blazed-Tree  Borer  (Serropalpus  varbatus  Schall). 

A  slender,  whitish,  wood-boring  grub,  which  enters  at  wounds  on  living  trees  and 
bores  deep  into  the  sapwood  and  heartwood,  causing  a  rapid  decay  of  the  infected 
parts.  Common  in  "blazed"  wounds  on  balsaru  fir  and  spruce  trees  along  the  trails 
in  northwestern  Maine. 

Exhibit:  Work. 

98.  The  Mountain  Ash  Borer  (Saperda  sp.). 

A  destructive  enemy  of  the  mountain  ash,  boring  in  the  healthy  wood  of  the  main 
stem.     Northwestern  Maine. 
Exhibit:  Work. 


SECTION  II. 

INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  FORESTS  IN  GENERAL. 

INJURING  THE  FOLIAGE. 

CATERPILLARS    OF    BUTTERFLIES    AND    MOTHS.      ORDER 
LEPIDOPTERA. 

CASE   25. 

99.  The  Violet-Tip  Butterfly  (Grapta  inten-ogationis  Fab.). 
Larvae  on  elm. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 

100.  The  Mourning  Cloak  Butterfly  (Euvanessa  antlopa  Linn.). 
Larvae  on  foliage  of  elm,  willow,  and  poplar,  sometimes  defoliating  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva?  and  pupa. 

101.  The  Viceroy  Butterfly  (  Basilarchia  archippus  Cram.). 
Larvae  on  willow  and  poplar. 

Exhibit:  Adult. 

102.  The  Buff-Tipped  Butterfly  (Lunenitis  bredouii  Hub.). 
Larvae  on  oak  in  California. 

Exhibit:  Adult. 


2S 

103.  The  Common  Hackberry  Butterfly  t  (  Tdorippe  ceUU  Bd.  &  Lee). 
Larvae  on  hackberry. 

I'\  iiii'.i  i :  Adult,  papa. 

104.  The  Pine  Butterfly  i  Neophobia  menapia  Fold.). 
Larvae  defoliate  pine  in  the  Pacific  states. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

105.  The  Locust  Leaf  Folder  (Epargyrem  <  Eudamus)  tiiyrus  Fab.). 

Larvae  <»n  locust. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  pupa,  cocoon. 

106.  The  Walnut  Sphinx  (  Qreesomajuglandis  8.  &  A.). 
Larvae  on  hickory  and  walnut. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

107.  The  Pine  Sphinx  (Lapora  coniferarum  S.  A:  A.). 
Larvae  on  pine  in  the  Eastern  states. 

El  uiiti  i :   Adults,  larva. 

108.  The  Catalpa  Sphinx  (  Ceratomia  catalpx  I'd.). 

The  larvae  feed  upon  and  frequently  defoliate  catalpa  wherever  this  tree  is  native. 
Exhibit:  Adult,  larva. 

109.  The  Wavy  Ash  Sphinx  (Ceratomia  unduloaa  Walk.). 
Larvae  on  ash. 

Exhibit:  Adult,  larva. 

110.  The  Ash  Sphinx  |  Hyloicus  kalmist  8.  &  A.). 
Larvae  on  ash  in  the  Eastern  states. 

Exhibit:  Adult. 

CASE   36. 

111.  The  Four-Horned  Sphinx  (Ceratomia  amynior  Hub.). 
Larvae  <>n  elm. 

l'\  iiihit:   Adults,  larva. 

112.  The  Western  Poplar  Sphinx  (  Pachyspfdnx  modesta  var.  occicL  nialis  1 1  y.  Edw. ). 
Larvae  <»n  poplar  in  the  Western  states. 

Exhibit:  Adult. 

113.  The  Polyphemus  Moth  i  Telea  polyphemus  ('ram.  I. 

The  large  green  larvae  occur  on  maple,  oak.  birch,  and  a  variety  of  other  forest 

eiibit:  Adult. 

114.  The  Hickory  Horned  Devil  i  Oitheronia  regalia  Hub.  I. 

Larvae  on  hickory  and  walnut. 
\.\  MBIT:    Adults,  larva. 

115.  The  Imperial  Moth  |  BotUona  imperiaHt  I>ru.   . 

The  larvae   feed   upon    pine  and    many  other  species  of  coniferous  and  deciduous 

I  cm  bit:  Adults,  larva,  pupa. 

116.  The  Orange-Striped  Oak  Worm  |  Anisoia  senatoria  Hubn.  |. 
The  larvae  defoliate  oak  in  the  Eastern  States. 

I   .  iniu  i :  Adult-,  larvae,  pup 

117.  The  Spiny  Oak  Worm  tigma  Hubn.). 

.  in  large  colonies  on  oak.  sometimes  defoliating  trees.     Eastern  state-. 

ii inn.   \dult-.  larvae,  pupae. 


29 

CASE  118. 

118.  The  Green- Striped  Maple  Worm  [Amaota  tubicwnda  Fab.). 
Larva-  in  colonies  on  maple,  sometimes  defoliating  trees.     Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  egg*,  larva?,  pupa?. 

119.  The  Buck  Moth  |  HemUeuca  maia  Dru.). 

The  black  spiny  larva?  feed  in  colonies  on  oak.     Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

120.  The  Pale  Tussock  Caterpillar  [Halisidota  tessettaria  Harris  . 

The  pale-yellow,  black  tufted  larva?  feed  on  elm,  sycamore,  maple,  walnut,  oak.  etc. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

121.  The  Pine  Tussock  Caterpillar  |  Euschausia  argentata  Pack.  . 

The  larva-  feed  in  colonies  on  pine,  cedar,  Douglas  spruce,  etc.  Northwestern 
States. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  pupa?,  cocoon,  work. 

122.  The  Hickory  Tussock  Caterpillar    Halisidota  oaryx  Han 

The  white  wooly  caterpillars,  tufted  with  black,  feed  in  large  colonies  on  hickory, 
walnut,  elm.  and  other  forest  trees,  sometimes  becoming  very  destructive.  Eastern 
States. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  cocoons. 

123.  The  Oak  Tussock  Caterpillar  [Halisidota  maculata  Harris  . 

The  orange  and  black  tufted  larva?  on  oak,  elm,  alder,  etc.  '  Northern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

124.  The  Fall  Web-Worm   Hyphantria  textor  Harris 

Larva?  construct  large  tents  on  most  species  of  deciduous  forest  trees.  At  times 
very  destructive. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larva-,  pupa. 

125.  The  American  Dagger-Moth  i  Apatda  americana  Harr. ). 
The  larva?  occur  on  maple,  elm,  and  a  variety  of  other  forest  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 

126.  The  Smeared  Dagger-Moth  [Apatda  ohlhuta  S.  &  A.). 
Larva-  occur  on  nearly  all  varieties  of  deciduous  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva-. 

casf:  se. 

127.  The  Underwing  Moths  (Genus  Cato<: 

The  large  gray  larva?  of  these  moths,  of  which  there  are  many  species  in  the  United 
States,  are  nocturnal  in  habit,  and  conceal  themselves  during  the  day  in  the  crevices 
of  the  bark  on  tree  trunks  and  limbs.  They  devour  the  foliage  of  oak.  hickory,  wal- 
nut, poplar,  birch,  and  other  species  of  forest  trees. 

Exhibit:  Adults  of  the  following  species:  Catocala   reteeta  Grote,    Oatocala  vidua 
B.&  A..  Oatocala  obscura  Strk..  Catocala  cerogama  Guen.,  Catocala  unijuga  Walk.. 
cola  concumbens  Walk.,  Catocala  cara  Guen. 

128.  The  Semi-Looping  Maple  Worm  [Homoptera  lunata  Dru.). 

The  slender  green  larva?  occur  on  maple,  willow,  etc. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  pupa. 

129.  The  California  Phryganidia  (Phiyganidia  californica  Pack.). 
Larva?  on  oak,  sometimes  defoliating  trees  in  California. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva?. 

130.  The  Poplar  Tent-Maker  [Mdaiopha  indusa  Hubn.). 
Larva?  construct  small  tents  on  poplar  and  willow.     Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 


80 

131.  The  Black  Hickory  Caterpillar  (  Daiana  integerrima  <i.  &  R. ). 

Larvae  in  colonies  on  hickory  and  walnut,  sometimes  defoliating  tin-  trees.     East- 
ern States. 

Exhibit:  Adult,  larva,  pupae. 

132.  The  Yellow-Necked  Apple-Tree  Caterpillar  (Datana  ministra  Dru. ). 
Larva?  in  colonics  on  birch,  oak,  and  other  forest  trees,  as  well  as  on  apple.   East- 
ern States, 

Exhibit:  Adults,  eggs,  larvae,  pupa. 

133.  The  Striped  Hickory  Caterpillar  {Datana  angum  <i.  A:  R.). 
Larvae  in  colonics  on  hickory  and  oak.     Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

134.  The  Green  Oak  Caterpillar  (Xadata  gibbosa  S.  &  A.). 
Larvae  on  oak,  maple,  and  other  forest  trees. 

El  mmr:    Adult,  larva'. 

135.  The  Rosy  Hyparpax  {Hyparpax  aurora  S.  &  A.). 
Larvae  on  oak  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

CASE  29. 

136  The  Red-Humped  Oak  Caterpillar  (Symmerista  aibifroru  S.  &  A.). 
Larvae  on  oak.  sometimes  defoliating  trees  in  the  Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  pupa. 

137.  The  Rusty  Tussock-Moth  (Notolophus  antiqua  Linn.). 

Lar\;c  on  most  species  of  deciduous  forest  trees  iii  America  ami  Europe. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

138.  The  California  Tussock-Moth  {Hemerocampa  vetusta  Bd.). 
Larva-  on  various  species  of  deciduous  forest  trees  in  California. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 

139.  The  White-Marked  Tussock-Moth  [Hemerocampa  leucostigma  S.  &  A.). 
Larvae  sometimes  defoliate  elm,  maple,  and  other  deciduous  forest  trees  in  the 

Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  egg-mass,  larva,  cocoon. 

140.  The  Dark  Tussock-Moth  ( Olene  achatina  S.  &  A.). 
Larvae  on  various  deciduous  forest  trees  in  the  Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adult. 

141.  The  Brown-Tailed  Moth  [EuproctU  chryaorrhcea  Linn.). 

Introduced  from  Europe  and  destructive  to  deciduous  forest  trees  in  Massachusetts 

and  New   I  lampshire. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

142.  The  Gypsy  Moth  (  Porthetria  dispar  Linn.). 

Introduced    from    Europe  and  very  destructive  to  nearly  all  deciduous  and  a  few 
Coniferous  forest  trees  in  Massachusetts. 

I'.Miii-.i  i :  Adult-,  larvae. 

143.  The  Forest  Tent-Caterpillar  [Malacotoma  {Clisiocampa)  duttria  Eubn.). 

Larvae  at   times  very  destructive  to   maple,  oak,  poplar,  gum,  and  nearly  all  other 

deciduous  forest  trees  throughout  the  United  states. 

Hir.M     \duit-.  eggs,  Larvae,  pupa,  cocoons. 

144.  The  Tufted  Tent-Caterpillar  {Malacotoma  [CUt&ocampa)  corutricta  Stretch). 

Oak  in  ( 'alifornia. 

Ei mi'.i i     \duiN.  eggs,  larvae. 


31 

145.  The  American  Tent-Caterpillar  (Malacosoma  (Clisiocampa)  amerieana  Fab.). 
Larvae  principally  destructive  to  fruit  trees,  but  also  to  cherry  and  a  few  other 

forest  trees  in  the  Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  eggs. 

146.  The  Rocky  Mountain  Tent-Caterpillar  (Malacosoma  (Clisiocampa)  fragilis 
Stretch.). 

Larvae  feed  on  deciduous  forest  trees  generally  and  are  at  times  very  destructive. 
Rocky  Mountain  States. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  eggs,  larva?. 

147.  The  Northwestern  Tent-Caterpillar   (Malacosoma   (Clisiocampa)  pAuvialis 
Dyar.). 

Larvae  on  most  species  of  deciduous  forest  trees  in  the  Northwestern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  cocoon. 

148.  The    Californian   Tent-Caterpillar    (Malacosoma    (Clisiocampa)   califomica 
Pack.). 

Larvae  on  oak  in  California. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 

149.  The  Spring  Canker-Worm  (PaUacrita  vernata  Harr.). 

The  larvae  feed  upon  the  surface  of  the  leaves  of  various  forest  and  shade  trees; 
especially  upon  elm  in  the  Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  pupa. 

CASE  30. 

150.  The  Cherry-LeafWeb-Worm  (Calocalpe  undulata  Linn.). 
The  larvae  live  in  webs  on  the  terminal  shoots  of  black  cherry. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

151.  The  Western  Oak  Span- Worm  (  Therina  somniaria  Hulst. ). 

The  larvae  occur  on  oak  in  the  Northwestern  States,  sometimes  defoliating  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  pupae. 

152.  The  Large  Forest  Span- Worm  (Sabulodes  transversata  Dru.). 
Larvae  occur  on  maple,  poplar,  oak,  etc. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 

153.  The  Crinkly  Flannel  Moth  (Lagoa  crispata  Pack.). 

The  larvae,  which  somewhat  resemble  the  slug  caterpillars,  feed  upon  oak,  poplar, 
and  a  variety  of  other  deciduous  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

154.  The  Oak  Web-Worm  (Archips  (Caccecia)  fcrvidana  Clem.). 

Larvae  live  in  colonies  on  oak,  sheltered  by  a  web  inclosing  leaves  and  a  mass  of 
excrement. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

155.  The  Slug  Caterpillars  (Family  Cochlidiidx.). 

These  bright-colored  slug-like  larvae  feed  very  generally  on  foliage  of  most  decidu- 
ous trees. 

Exhibit:  the  following  species:  Sibine  stimulea  Clem.,  adults,  larva,  cocoon;  Euclea 
delphinii  Bdv.,  adult;  Euclea  indetennina  Bdv.,  adult. 


82 

THE  FALSE   CATERPILLARS   OR  SAWFLIES.     FAMILY  TENTHRE- 

DINID^. 

PART  OF  CASI<;   31. 

156.  Abbott's  White-Pine  Sawfly  |  Lophyrtu  abbotti  Leach  I. 

This  species,  together  with  several  closely  allied  forms,  isal  times  very  destructive 

to  pine. 

L\  II T  III  I  :    Adults.   larVSe,   cocoons. 

157.  The  Larch  Sawfly  (  Xemntutt  irichsouil  Ilartig). 

One  of  the  most  destructive  forest  insects;  the  larv;e  at  various  times  past   entirely 

defoliated  the  larch  throughout  the  Northeastern  states  and  caused  the  death  of  a 
large  proportion  of  the  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

158.  The  Large  American  Sawfly  [Cirribex  americana  Leach). 
Larva-  destroy  foliage  of  elm,  willow,  poplar,  and  linden. 
Exhibit:  Adult. 

MISCELLANEOUS  FOLIAGE  INSECTS. 
PART  OF  CASE   31. 

159.  The  Common  Walking  Stick  {Diapheromerafemorata  Say). 
Young  and  adults  devour  foliage  of  deciduous  forest  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adult. 

160.  The  Katydid  (MicrocerUrum  laurifolium  Linn.). 
Young  and  adults  feed  on  foliage  of  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adult,  eggs. 

LEAF-BEETLES.     FAMILY  SCARAB.ffiIMS. 

161.  The  Rhinoceros  Beetle  [Dynastes  ttiyus  Linn.  |, 

Larvae  mine  in  decaying  stumps;  adults  destroy  foliage  of  ash. 
Exhibit:  Adult-. 

162.  The  Goldsmith  Beetle  (Cotalpa  lanigera  Linn.). 

Adults  on  oak,  poplar,  and  other  deciduous  trees,  sometimea  defoliating  them. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

THE  LEAF-BEETLES.     FAMILY  CHRYSOMELUXffi. 
PAL'T   <  >m   CASE   31. 

163.  The  Imported  Elm  Leaf-Beetle  |  GaleruceUa  luteola  Mull.). 

A  very  serious  enemy  to  the  elm  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

164.  The  Larger  Elm  Leaf-Beetle  (  Monocesta  coryli  Say). 

\dults  and  larvae  destroy  foliage  of  dm  in  sections  of  the  Middle  West 

L\  mi'.i  i  :    Adults,  work. 

165.  The  Striped  Willow  Leaf-Beetle  {Mdasoma  scripta  Fab. 

Both  larvae  and  adults   ii^'d  on  foliage  "f  poplar  and  willow,  and  are  at  times  very 
destructive  to  these  tree-.      An  especial  enemy  of  the  osier  willow   industry. 
L\ mini :    \dult>.  pupae. 

166.  The  Spotted  Willow  Leaf-Beetle  {Melcuoma lapponica  Linn.). 
Habits  similar  to  the  above,  hut  Less  abundant  and  injurious. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 


33 

INJURING  THE  FRUIT. 

THE   WEEVILS.     FAMILY    CTJRCTJLIONnxa:. 

PART   OF   CASE   31. 

167.  The  Nut  Weevils  (Genus  Balaninus). 

There  are  numerous  species,  the  larvse  of  which  live  within  acorns  and  nuts  of 
various  sort-. 

Exhibit:  Adults  of  the  following  species:  Bakunxnua  naricu*  Say,  Balaninus  caryx 
Horn.  Balaninus  qucrcus  Horn. 

168.  The  Walnut  Fruit  Weevil  (Oonotrachelus  juglandis  Lee). 
The  larva?  live  in  green  fruit  of  walnut. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

CONE  AND  NUT  WORMS.     ORDER  LEPIDOPTERA. 
PAET  OF   CASE  31. 

169.  The  Hickory  Husk- Worm  (Gi'apJioli.tha  caryana  Fitch). 

The  larvae  live  within  the  immature  nuts  and  husks  of  the  hickory  and  pecan. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

170.  The  Spruce  Cone-Worm  (Pinip>  Idla  Grt.). 
Larva?  attack  cones  of  spruce. 

Exhibit:  Adult,  work. 

171.  The  Southern  Pine  Cone-Worm. 

An  insect  closely  allied  to  the  spruce  cone- worm  which  attacks  the  cone  of  the 
Southern  long-leaf  pine. 
Exhibit:  AVork. 

INJURING  THE  T1VIGS  AND  SMALLER  BRANCHES. 

THE  CICADAS.     FAMILY  CICADLDiE. 

PAET   OF  CASE  31. 

172.  The  Seventeen-Year  Cicada  ( Tibkea  septewkci/n  Linn.). 

The  most  destructive  species,  but  owing  to  the  long  period  required  by  the  young 
to  reach  maturity  only  injurious  some  years. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  pupa.  work. 

THE  SCALE  INSECTS.     FAMILY  COCCLDiE. 
FART  OF   CASE   31. 

173.  The  Cottony  Maple  Scale  [Puloinaria  innumerabili*  Eath.). 
Becomes  at  times  very  abundant  on  twigs  of  maple. 

Exhibit:  Adult  scales  on  twigs. 

174.  The  Gloomy  Maple  Scale  [Aspidiotus  ten  ComsL). 

At  times  very  abundant  on  maple.  Principally  injurious  to  shade  trees  in  the 
neighborhood  of  towns. 

Exhibit:  Adult  scales  on  bark. 

175.  The  Hickory  Soft  Scale  [Lecamumep.). 

At  times  abundant  on  hickory  and  pecan  in  the  Southern  State-. 
Exhibit:  Adult  scales  on  tw 

15— No.  48—04 3 


THE  TWIG  WEEVILS.     FAMILY  CURCULIONIDiE. 
PA  RT   <  )l-'   <  IASE   33. 

176.  The  Western  Spruce  Weevil  i  Pissodea  Bp.  I. 

attacks  and  kills  the  terminal  shoots  of  Bitka  spruce,  causing  deformed  trees. 
Northwestern  St 

1 1  i-.i  i :    \dult-.  Larvae,  work. 

177.  The  White-Pine  Weevil  |  Pissodes  strobi  Peck.). 

Attacks  and  kills  the  terminal  Bhoots  of  white  pine,  spruce,  and  deodar,  causing 
Berious  deformity  to  the  tree;  also  breeds  in  the  bark  of  the  lower  portions  of  the 
trunk  of  pines  and  spruce,  hastening  the  death  of  injured  trees.     Eastern  Stafc 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work.  Sections  of  young  white  pine  showing  nature  of  injury  to 
terminal  shoots.     I  Large  caa 

ROUND-HEADED  BORERS.     FAMILY  CERAMBYCIDiE. 

i  'Airr  (  >k  <  'ask  33. 

178.  The  Oak  Pruner  (Elapkidion  villosum  Fab.   . 

The  larvae  bore  in  twigsof  living  oak,  hickory,  etc.,  causing  them  to  break  and  fall. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

179.  The  Hickory  Twig-  Girdler  (Ondderes  cingukUa  Say). 

The  adult  girdles  the  twigs  of  oak,  hickory,  persimmon,  and  other  trees,  some- 
times bo  extensively  as  to  cause  serious  injury. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work,  figure. 

INJURING  THE  INNER  BARK  AND  S  AIMYOOP. 

THE  BARK  WEEVILS.     FAMILY  CURCULIONIDiE. 
CASE  33. 

180.  The  Cypress  Weevil  {JEudocimus  moMierheimii  Boh.). 

The  adults  feed  on  the  hark  of  bald-cypress  twigs,  causing  their  death,  and  the 
larvae  mine  the  inner  hark  of  injured  and  recently  felled  trees.      Southern  State-. 
Exhibit:  Adult,  larva,  work. 

181.  The  Pales  Weevil  (Hylobvus  pales  Hbeb.). 

The  larvae  bore  Into  the  inner  hark  of  stumps  and   roots  of  recently  felled,  dying, 
and  injured  pine.      Eastern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

182.  The  Pitch-Eating-  Weevil  (  Pachylobvus  picworus  (  term.). 

I  hi-  habits  similar  to  the  pales  weevil.     Eastern  states. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

183.  The  Walnut  Weevil  ( Oryptorhynchus parockua  Hh.-t.). 

The  larvae  mine  the  inner  hark  and   sapwood  of  weakened  and  recently  dead 

walnut. 

El  MBIT:    Adult-,  work. 

184.  The  Fir  Weevil  i  Pissodes  dubhu  Hand.). 

The  larvae  mine  the  inner  hark  of  balsam  fir,  hastening  the  death  of  injured  I 
Northeastern  Sti 

dibit:  Adults,  larvae,  work. 


35 

THE  ROUND-HEADED  BORERS.       FAMILY  CERAMB YCID^E . 

CASE   3~±. 

185.  The  White-Pine  Sawyer  [Morwhammug scutdkUusJS&j). 

Larvae  mine  the  inner  bark  and  bore  deep  into  the  sap  wood  of  white  and  silver 
pine,  hastening  the  death  of  dying  trees  and  injuring  saw  I   _- 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

186.  The  Common  Pine  Sawyer  [Mbnohammu*  oonjwor  Kirby). 

The  larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  and  bore  large  holes  into  the  sapwood  of  dying 
trees  and  saw  logs  of  pine  and  spruce. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 

187.  The  Ponderous  Pine-Borer  (Ergata tpiculatus Lee). 

Larvae  bore  in  dead  pine  logs,  injuring  them  for  timber.     Northwestern  States. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  work. 

188.  The  Knob-Horned  Pine-Borer  (Aocmthocmu*  I  ab. ). 
The  larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  of  pine  stumps  and  large  logs. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

189.  The  Obsolete  Pine-Barer  (Acanthocmw  obaoletus  Qliv.). 

The  larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  of  freshly  killed  pine. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

190.  The  Small  Pine  Bark-Borer    CeratograpMs pusUhts  Kirby). 

Larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  of  dead  and  'lying  pine. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

191.  The  Lesser  Pine  Borer  [Asemum  mcatum  Hald.). 

Larva?  bore  into  sapwood  of  dead  pine  and  spruce  logs  and  stumps.     Eastern 

States. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

CASE   35. 

192.  The  Poplar  Borer  |  Sapcrda  calcarata  Say). 

Larva?  bore  in  trunks  of   living  poplar,  cotton  wood,  and  willow,  causing  great 
destruction  to  these  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

193.  The  Common  Elm-Tree  Borer  {Sapcrda  tridentata  Oliv.). 

The  larva?  mine  the  bark  and  sapwood  of  dead,  dying,  and  healthy  elm,  often 
causing  great  destruction. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

194.  The  Poplar  Girdler  (/Sapcrda  concoior  Lee). 

Larva?  mine  in  green  bark  of  poplar  saplings,  girdling  the  trunks  and   causing 
large  swellings;  also  attack  willow. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

195.  The  Sug-ar  Maple  Borer  (Ffagionotou  Say). 

Larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  and   sapwood  of   recently  dead,  dying,  and   living 
maple,  often  causing  the  death  of  weakened  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

196.  The  Locust  Borer  [OyOene  robinix  Foist ). 

Larvae  mine  the  wood  and  bark  of  living  black  locust,  causing  great  damage  and 
destruction. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 


36 

197.  The  Linden  Borer  (Saperda  vattoa  Say  ■ 

Larvae  mine  the  inner  hark  and  bore  into  the  trunk  of  linden,  causing  much  injury. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

198.  The  Chestnut  Callidium  (CaUidium  sereum  Newm.). 

Larva-  mine  inner  hark  of  chestnut,  hastening,  and  perhaps  causing,  death  of  aged 
or  injured  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  pupa. 

199.  The  Belted  Chion  (Chion  ductus  Dru.). 

The  larva-  mine  the  inner  hark  and   ho  re  into  the  wood  of   trunk  and  branches  of 
dying  and  recently  dead  hickory,  chestnut,  oak,  etc. 
EXHIBIT:  Adults,  larva,  work. 

200.  The  Dusty  Oak  Borer  (Romaleum  atomarium  Dru.). 
Larva1  in  stumps  and  logs  of  recently  dead  oak. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

case  :u>. 

201.  The  Beautiful  Hickory  Borer  [Goes pulchra  Hald.). 
Larva'  Lore  in  hickory. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

202.  The  Tiger  Hickory  Borer  (Goes  tigrina  DeG.). 

Larva1  mine  the  inner  hark  and  sapwood  of  living  hickory  and  oak. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

203.  The  White-liined  Cypress  Borer  (Physocnemum  andrcv  Hald.). 

Larvse  mine  the  inner  hark  and  outer  sapwood  of  cypress  logs.     Southern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  work. 

204.  The  Common  Hickory  Borer  (Saperda  discoidea  Fah. ). 

Larva-  mine  the  inner  hark  of  injured,  dying,  and  recently  dead  hickory. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

205.  The  Blue-Winged  Walnut  Borer  (Gaurotes  cyanipennis  Say). 
Larva'  infest  walnut. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

206.  The  Lichen-like  Beetle  (Lepfostylua  aculiferas  Say). 

Larva'  mine  the  inner  hark  of  dying  and  dead  tulip  (Linodcndron). 
ExniBrr:  Adults. 

207.  The  Ash-Colored  Mulberry  Borer  (Hetoemu  cinerea  Oliv.). 

Adults  feed  on  the  foliage  and  larvse  mine  the  green  hark  and  sapwood  of  dying 
and  injured  mulberry. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

208.  The  Painted  Hickory  Borer  (  OyUeru  picta  Dru.). 

Larva-  Lore  in  the  trunks  of  dead,  dying,  and  sometimes  healthy  hickory  tn 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

209.  The  Curious  Cypress  Borer  (  Curias  dentatus  Newm.). 
Larvae  mine  the  smaller  branches  of  young  hald  cypn 

K\  ii  im  i  :    Adults,  work. 

210.  The  Banded  Ash  Borer  (NeodyttM  caprsea  Bay  |. 

Larva    very  injurious  to  dying   trees  and   saw    Logs  of  black  ash,  horing  numerous 

holes  through  the  * <><>d. 
Exhibit;  Adults,  vrork. 


37 

211.  The  Rig-id  Cypress  Borer  (CEme  rigida  Say). 
Larva?  mine  inner  bark  of  girdled  cypress  and  dying  cedar. 
Exhibit:  Adult,  larva,  work. 

212.  The  Southern  Oak  Borer  {Mallodon  dasystomus  Say). 

Larva2  bore  in  healthy  live-oak,  hackberry,  and  hickory  trees,  greatly  injuring 
them.     Southern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

213.  The  Live-Oak  Root-Borer  {MaUodon  melanopuslArm.). 

Larvae  bore  into  the  roots   of  young  oaks,  causing  dwarfed  and  worthless  trees. 
Southern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adult. 

214.  The  Variable  Oak  Borer  (Phymatodes  variabilis  Fab.). 

Larva?  mine  inner  bark  of  dying  and  recently  dead  oak;  are  also  injurious  to  tan 
bark. 
Exhibit:  Adult,  work.  * 

215.  The  Thunderbolt  Beetle  (Arhopalusfidminans  Fab.). 
Larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  and  sapwood  of  chestnut  and  oak. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

216.  The  Lesser  Prionus  (Orthosoma  brunneum  Forst. ). 
Larva  in  decaying  logs  and  stumps  of  nearly  all  forest  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

217.  The  Cottonwood  Root-Borer  (Plectrodera  scalator  Fab.). 
Larvae  in  roots  of  poplar  and  cottonwood. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

218.  The  Broad-Necked  Prionus  (Prionus  laticollis  Dru.). 

Larva?  in  roots  of  oak  and  poplar.     Sometimes  destructive.    Also  in  stumps  of  pine. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

CASE  38. 

219.  The  Destructive  Spruce  Wood-Borer  (Tetropium  cinnamopterum  Kirby). 
Larva?  mine  green  bark  and  wood  of  injured  and  dying  spruce,  hastening  death 

and  promoting  decay. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva?,  work. 

220.  The  Wavy  Spruce  Borer  (Xylotrechus  undulatus  Say). 

Larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  and  sapwood  of  Douglas  spruce,  fir,  and  hemlock. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

221.  The  Canadian  Leptura  (Leptura  canadensis  Fab.). 

Larva?  mine  sapwood  of  dead  spruce  and  hemlock,  inducing  rapid  decay. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

222.  The  Red-Headed  Clytus  (XeocJytus  erythrocephalus  Fab.). 

Larva?  mine  in  dead  and  dying  bark  and  sapwood  of  a  great  variety  of  forest  trees, 
maple,  ash,  hickory,  sweet-gum,  cypress,  etc. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

223.  The  Ribbed  Pine  Borer  (Rhagium  Uneatum  Oliv.). 

Larva?  mine  the  inner  bark  of  dying  and  dead  pine,  spruce,  and  some  other 
conifers. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larva?,  pupa,  work. 

224.  The  Black-Horned  Pine  Borer  (OdHdium  antennaium  Newm.). 
Larva?  mine  inner  bark  and  wood  of  dying  and  dead  pine,  cedar,  etc. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 


38 

225.  The  Four-Marked  Ash  Borer  (  El, una  quadrigeminata  Say). 
Larvae  invest  ash  and  hickory. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

226.  The  Cedar  Borer  (  Hylotrupes  lign*  us  I 

Larvse  mine  inner  bark  and  aapwood  of  cedar,  causing  the  death  of  the  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larvse  pupa,  work. 

227.  The  Banded  Urographis  (  Urographis feuciatus  Horn). 

The  larva-  mine  the  inner  hark  of  dead  oak,  maple,  chestnut,  sweet-gum,  hickory, 
walnut,   Boorwood,  dogwood,  and   probably  nearly  all  deciduous  trees.     Eastern 

States. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

228.  The  Rustic  Borer  {Xylotrechus  colonus  Fab.). 

Larvse  mine  the  inner  hark  and  Bapwood  of  recently  cut  or  dying  oak,  chestnut, 
hickory,  maple,  and  other  hard  woods. 
Exhtbit:  Adults. 

THE    FLAT-HEADED  BORERS.     FAMILY  BTJPRESTIDiE. 

CASE  30. 

229.  The  Bronze  Birch  Borer  (AgrUus  auxins  Gory). 

The   larva-  mine  the  inner  bark  of    living  and  injured  birch  and  poplar.     Very 
destructive  in  the  Northern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

230.  The  Two-Lined  Chestnut  Borer  {AgrUus  btiineatus  Web.)- 

The  slender  larva'  mine  the  inner  bark  of  recently  dead,  injured,  and  healthy 
chestnut  and  oak.  One  of  the  principal  causes  for  the  wholesale  destruction  of 
chestnut  in  the  Southern  States. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

231.  The  Eastern  Hemlock  Bark-Borer  (Melanophila  fulvoguttala  llarr.). 
Larva'  mine  the  inner  bark  of  recently  dead  and  injured  hemlock  in  the  Eastern 

States, 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

232.  The  Flat-Headed  Apple-Tree  Borer  [Chrusobothris  femoraia  Fab.). 

The  larva'  mine  the  inner  bark  of  recently  dead  and  injured  oak,  chestnut,  hickory, 
maple,  and  some  other  deciduous  forest  trees.     Eastern  Mater-. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva?,  pupa?,  work. 

c^si-:    i  < ». 

233.  The  Flat-Headed  Pine  Bark-Borer  [Chrysobothris  dentipes  Germ.). 

Larvae  mine  the  inner  bark  of  recently  dead  and  dying  pine. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

234.  The  Flat-Headed  Hickory  Borer  |  Dicerca  obseura  Fab.). 

LarV83  bore  into  the  trunk  and  limbs  of  hickory,  maple,  and  some  other  deciduous 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

235.  The  Western  Hemlock  Bark-Borer  [MelanqphUa  drummoncU  Kirbyb 
The  larva'  mine  the  inner  bark  of  dead  and  health}   hemlock  and  Douglafi  spruce, 

causing  defects  in  the  lumber  and  killing  trees.     Northwestern  states. 

l'\  imur:   Adults,  larva,  pupa.  work. 


39 

INJURING   THE   WOOD. 

THE   FLAT-HEADED   BORERS.      FAMILY   BUPRESTLOffi. 
PART   OF   CASE   40. 

236.  The  Turpentine  Borer  (BupresHs  apricans  Hbst. ). 

The  larva?  bore  into  the  solid  resinous  heartwood  of  long-leafed  pine  after  "box- 
ing" by  turpentine  workers,  so  weakening  the  trunk  as  to  cause  it  to  break  and 
spoiling  portions  of  it  for  lumber. 

Exhibit:  Adult,  work. 

237.  The  Golden  Buprestis  (Buprestis  aurulenla  Libm.) . 

Larva^  bore  into  trunks  of  dead  pine,  spruce,  fir,  and  other  conifers. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

238.  The  Heart-wood  Pine  Borer  (Chalcophora  virgifdensia Dm). 

Larva?  bore  into  trunks  of  dead  pine  and  spruce  and  into  heartwood  of  living  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

WALL    CASE. 

239.  The  Cypress  Sapwood  Borer  [AcmasoderapulcheOaWoBL). 

Larvae  mine  the  sapwood  of  girdled  cypress  several  years  after  death. 
Exhibit:  Work.     Cypress  board  showing  injury  to  the  sapwood  (large  case). 

THE   TIMBER  BEETLES.     FAMILY  SCOLYTID-ffi. 

PART   OF  CASE     il. 

240.  The  Hickory  Timber-Beetle  (Xyleborus  cdsus  Eich. ). 

The  adults  excavate  long  branching  galleries  in  dying  tree-  and  logs  of  hickory. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

AVALL   CASE. 

241.  The  Pan-American  Platypus  {PUtfypux  oomposiius  Say  . 

The  adults  bore  into  the  sapwood  and  sometimes  into  the  heart  woo.  1  of  dying 
hardwoods  and  coniferous  trees  of  numerous  species. 

Exhibit:  Work.  Boards  from  girdled  cypress  showing  pin-hole  defects  caused  by 
the  galleries. 

THE  POWDER-POST  BEETLES.     FAMILY  PTLNTOffi. 

PART  OF   CASE  41. 

242.  The  Red-Shouldered  Ptinid  Borer  (Shw.vylon  basilars  Say). 

Adult  bores  short  curved  galleries  in  branches  of  dead  hickory,  persimmon   and 
most  other  deciduous  trees;  the  larva:-  bore  the  solid  wood. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

243.  Powder-Post  Beetles  (Genua Ly&us). 

Exhibit:  Work,  sections  of  seasoned  ash  and  hickory  showing  characteristic 
injury  by  the  beetles  and  larv;e.     (Large  case.) 

THE    TIMBER   WORMS.     FAMILIES   BRENTHLDiE    AND    LYMEXYL- 

IDiE. 

FART   OF  CASE  41. 

244.  The  Northern  Brenthis  |  EupsoHa  tnmuia  Dru. ). 

The  larvae  excavate  extensive  galleries  in  solid  wood  of  recently  dead  and  dying 
oak,  chestnut,  beach,  elm,  cypress,  and  most  other  species  of  deciduous  forest  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 


40 

245.  The  Chestnut  Timber  Worm  (  Lymexylon  s<  riot  um  Harr. ). 

The  larv.e  excavate  extensive  galleries  in  the  lieart \v< k ><1  and  Bapwood  of  living  and 
dead  chestnut  and  oak. 

Exhibit:  Adult,  work. 

THE    CARPENTER    WORMS.     ORDER    LEPIDOPTERA.     FAMILY 

COSSLTXffi. 

CASK     I'J. 

246.  The  Leopard  Moth  (Zeuzera  pyrina  Fab.). 

An   introduced   species  very  injurious  to  forest,  shade,  and   orchard   trees   in   the 
vicinity  of  New  York  City. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larva-,  papa,  work. 

247.  The  Oak  Carpenter  Worm  (Prionoxystus  robinia  Peck). 

The  larva1  mine  in  living  oak  and  locust  and  are  sometimes  very  destructive,  espe- 
cially t»>  aged  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

248.  The  Poplar  Carpenter  Worm  (Cossus  centerensis  Lint). 
The  larva-  mine  in  trunks  of  poplar. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

THE  HORNTAILS   OR  WOOD  WASPS.      FAMILY  UROCEREOffi. 

CASE  43. 

249.  The  Pigeon  Tremex  (  Tremex  columba  Linn. ). 

Lame  mine  thesapwood  of  hickory,  oak,  poplar,  maple,  and  other  deciduous  forest 
trees,  hastening  the  death  of  those  weakened  by  other  causes. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

250.  The  Pale  Tremex  (Tremex  sericeas  Say). 
Habits  like  the  pigeon  tremex. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

251.  The  White-Horned  Horntail  (Urocena  albicornis  Fabr.). 

Attacks  spruce,  hemlock,  and  fir. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva,  pupa,  work. 

252.  The  Blue  Horntail  (Paururus  cyaneui  Fab.). 
Attacks  spruce  and  fir. 

Exhibit:  Adult. 

253.  The  Banded  Horntail  {Urocerus  abdominalis  Harris). 

Attacks  spruce. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

254.  The   Yellow- Winged   Horntail    (Urocenu  flavipennis    Kirby). 
Attacks  spruce. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

255.  The  Small-Pine  Horntail  {Paurwriu  pinicola  Ashm.). 
Larvae  in  pine. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

256.  The  Black-Pine  Horntail  (  Paururus  hopHnsi  Ashm.). 
Larvae  in  pine. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 


41 

PARASITIC  ENEMIES.     FAMILY  ICHNEUMONTD^E. 

PART  OF  CASE  43. 

257.  The  Lunated  Long-Sting  (Thalessa  lunator  Fab.). 

There  are  several  quite  similar  species  of  these  insects,  which  by  means  of  the  long, 
thread-like  appendage  to  the  body,  deposit  their  eggs  within  the  galleries  of  the 
horntail  larvae  upon  which  their  own  larvae  are  parasitic. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

INJURING  INNER  BARK. 

THE  BARK-BEETLES.     FAMILY  SCOLYTID^J. 

CASE  44. 

258.  The  Pine-Destroying  Beetle  of  the  Black  Hills  (Dendroctonus  ponderosse 
Hopk.). 

Attacks  healthy  pine  and  spruce  in  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  and  Rocky 
Mountain  region.  The  adult  beetles  excavate  characteristic  galleries  in  the  inner 
bark  of  dead,  dying,  and  healthy  trees.  Their  eggs  are  deposited  along  the  sides 
of  these  galleries,  and  the  larvae  developing  from  them  mine  the  inner  bark.  It 
is  estimated  that  it  has  been  the  primary  cause  of  the  destruction  of  1,000,000,000 
feet  of  bull  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa)  in  the  Black  Hills.  _ 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work.  Sections  of  trunks  of  western  yellow  pine  attacked  by 
beetles  showing  pitch  tubes  on  surface  and  marks  of  galleries  in  inner  bark.  (Large 
case.) 

CASE  45. 

259.  The  Destructive  Pine  Bark-Beetle  {Dendroctonus  frontalis  Zimm. ). 
Attacks  healthy  pine  and  spruce  in  the  Southern  States.     It  is  capable  of  enormous 

destruction  and,  though  usually  held  in  check  by  natural  causes,  has  at  various  times 
past  so  increased  as  to  seriously  menace  the  entire  stand  of  pine  and  spruce  in  portions 
of  the  Southeastern  States,  notably  in  West  Virginia  in  1891-92. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work.  Markings  on  surface  of  wood  of  beetle-killed  tree;  appear- 
ance of  outer  bark  of  beetle-killed  trees;  outer  bark  of  tree  scaled  off  by  woodpeckers 
in  search  of  beetles  and  their  larva?.     (Large  case. ) 

260.  The  Oregon  Tomicus  (Tomicus  oregoni  Eich.). 

A  secondary  enemy  of  pine,  attacking  and  hastening  the  death  of  trees  primarily 
attacked  by  the  pine-destroying  beetle. 

Exhibit:  Work.  Section  of  top  of  western  yellow  pine,  showing  galleries  of  adult 
beetles  in  inner  bark.     (Large  case. ) 

261.  The  Companion  Bark-Beetle  (Tomicus  avulsus  Eich.). 

A  common  species  infesting  pine  in  the  Southern  States.  When  abundant  it 
attacks  and  kills  healthy  trees,  but  is  especially  common  as  a  secondary  enemy  in 
company  with  the  destructive  bark-beetle  Dendroctonus  frontalis  Zimm. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

CASE   46. 

262.  The  Lawson  Cypress  Bark-Beetle  (Phlozosinus  cupressse  Hopk.). 

Attacks  transplanted  Lawson  and  Monterey  cypress  in  California.     It  also  attacks 
redwood. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

263.  The  Hickory  Bark-Beetle  (Scolytus  quadrispinosus  Say). 

A  common  bark-beetle  in  hickory,  frequently  causing  the  death  of  trees.     The 
adults  also  do  some  damage  by  gnawing  the  base  of  small  twigs,  causing  their  death. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 


42 

OA8B     IT. 

264.  The  Mountain-Pine  Dendroctonus  (  Dendroctonus  n.  sp. ). 

Attacks  living,  injured,,  and  recently  felled  mountain  or  silver  pine,  sugar  pine, 
and  Lodge-pole  pine  in  the  Northwestern  Mate-.  Very  common  and  capable  of  greal 
destruction  to  the  besl  timber. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

265.  The  Arizona  Dendroctonus  (  Dendroctonus  n.  sp. ). 

A  common  bark-beetle  in  the  southern  Rocky  Mountain  region,  attacking  healthy 
western  yellow  pine,  and,  in  company  with  several  closely  allied  species,  causing 
great  destruction  of  large  quantities  of  the  besl  timber. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

266.  The  Bald  Cypress  Bark-Beetle  (  PfdaBOSinus  n.  sp.). 

Attacks  recently  felled  and  girdled  bald  cypres-  in  the  Southern  States. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  work. 

PREDACEOUS      AND      PARASITIC      ENEMIES      OF      DESTRUCTIVE 
FOREST  INSECTS.     THE  CLERIDS.     FAMILY  CLERID^. 

CASE  48. 

267.  The  Dubius  Clerid  ( Thanasimus  dubius  Fab.). 

The  hectics  destroy  the  adults,  and  the  larvae  prey  upon  the  developing  br Is 

Of  many  species  of  bark-beetles  in  pine  and  spruce,  and  are  frequently  of  the 
greatest  benefit  in  holding  in  check  the  more  destructive  of  these. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

268.  The  Spider-like  Clerid  (  Clerus  sphegeus  Fab.). 

The  adults  feed  upon  the  adults  and  the  larvae  upon  the  developing  broods  of 

numerous  destructive  bark-beetles  in  pine,  spruce,  and  fir.      Western  Stati 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

269.  The  European  Bark-Beetle  Destroyer  [Thanasimus formicarius  Linn.). 

Is  very  destructive  to  bark-beetles  infesting  pine  and  spruce  in  Europe,  and  was 
introduced  into  America  in  1892  to  act  as  a  check  to  the  alarming  increase  of  the 
destructive  bark-beetle  [Dendroctonus  frontalis)  in  West  Virginia. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

270.  The  Orange-Banded  Clerid  (  c/ems  ichneumoneus  Fab.). 

The  larvae  prey  upon  the  developing  broods  of  the  hickory  bark-beetle  {Scolytus 
quadrispinosus ). 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

271.  The  Hairy  Clerid  (Chariessa  pUosa  Forst.). 

The  larvae  prey  upon  and  do  much  toward  preventing  the  increase  of  several  of  the 
destructive  flat-headed  borers  I  Buprestida  i  in  deciduous  tre 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

THE  CLICK  BEETLES.     FAMILY  ELATERLDJE. 

272.  The  Eyed  Elater  (AlaUB  oculotus  I. inn.  ). 

\-  a    larva    preys   upon    numerous    species    of    bark   and    wood  boring    insects   in 

deciduous  tree-. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

273.  The  Small-Eyed  Elater  (Alous  myops  Fab.). 

\m  i  larva  preya  upon  the  larger  Bpeciee  of  borers  in  coniferous  trees. 
Exhibit:  Adults,  larva. 


43 

274.  The  Four-Winged  Parasites  (Order  Hymenoptera.     Families  Ichneumonidsc, 
Braronichv,  Chalcidid;r,  etc.). 

Exhibit:  Two  larval  galleries  of  the  rigid  cypress  borer  ((Erne  rigida),  in  one  of 
which  the  insect  attained  full  development,  while  in  the  other  it  was  attacked  and 
killed  by  a  parasite,  Bracon  sp. 

Adults  and  cocoons  of  several  species  which  attack  larvae  of  butterflies  and  moths. 

Adults  and  cocoons  of  several  species  which  attack  larvae  of  wood-boring  insects. 

THE  TROGOSITLDS.     FAMILY  TROGOSITIDiE. 

275.  The  Green  Trogositid  [Trogosita  virescens  Fab.). 

A  very  important  enemy  of  nearly  all  the  larger  and  more  destructive  bark-beetles. 
The  adults  conceal  themselves  in  the  outer  bark,  and  the  larvae  enter  the  galleries 
and  prey  upon  the  insects  therein. 

Exhibit:  Adults. 

THE  COLYDIIDS.     FAMILY  COLYDIIDiE. 

276.  The  Tuberculate  Colydiid  (Aulonium  tuberculatum  Lee). 

The  adults  enter  the  galleries  and  with  the  larvae  feed  upon  various  species  of  bark- 
beetles  in  all  their  stages. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 

277.  The  Line-Marked  Colydiid   (Colydium  lineola  Say). 

The  adults  enter  the  galleries  and  their  larvae  feed  upon  the  developing  brood  of 
various  species  of  Ambrosia  beetles. 
Exhibit:  Adults. 


SECTION  III. 


SPECIAL  INVESTIGATIONS. 

[In  connection  with  the  exhibit  of  the  Bureau  of  Forestry.] 

DESTRUCTION  OF  PINE  BY  BARK-BEETLES  IN  THE  BLACK  HILLS 
FOREST  RESERVE,   SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

CASE  49. 

278.  The  Pine-Destroying-  Beetle  of  the   Black   Hills  (Dendroctonus  ponder- 

osse  Hopk. ). 

Attacks  healthy  pine  and  spruce  in  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  and  Rocky 
Mountain  region.  The  adult  beetles  excavate  characteristic  galleries  in  the  inner 
bark  of  dead,  dying,  and  healthy  trees.  Their  eggs  are  deposited  along  the  sides 
of  these  galleries,  and  the  larv?e  developing  from  them  mine  the  inner  bark.  Very 
destructive. 

Exhibit:  Adults,  larvae,  pupae,  pitch  tube  on  bark  of  living  tree  at  entrance  to 
gallery  of  adult  beetle;  completed  galleries  of  adults  and  mines  of  young  larvse  in 
bark  of  living  pine,  showing  characteristic  appearance  of  bark  in  August  of  the  year 
of  attack;  surface  of  wood  grooved  by  galleries  of  the  adult,  showing  characteristic 
appearance  in  August  of  the  year  of  attack;  gallery  of  adult,  larval  mines,  and 
pupal  chambers  in  inner  bark,  showing  characteristic  appearance  in  June  of  the 
year  following  attack;  appearance  of  inner  bark  in  August  of  the  year  following 
attack,  after  the  emergence  of  the  brood;  scoring  chip  from  railroad  cross-tie  from 
tree  killed  by  beetles,  showing  characteristic  markings  on  surface  of  wood. 


44 

279.  The  Yellow-Pine  Wood  Engraver  (Pityogene*  carinulat&u  \.< 

A  secondary  enemy  oi  pine.  Attacks  branches  ami  twigs  <»f  trees  dying  from 
attack  of  tin-  pine-destroying  beetle. 

EXHIBIT:   Adults;   work  of  adults  and  larvae  in  bark  and  surface  of  wood. 

280.  The  Oregon  Tomicus  {Tomicus  oregoni  Mich.). 

A  secondary  enemy  of  pine  forests  in  tin-  Black  I  [ills,  attacking  the  larger  branches 

and  upper  portions  Of  the  trunks  of  trees  injured   by  <>r  dying  from  an  attack  of  the 

pine-destroying  beetle.    Occasionally  a  primary  enemy  of  living  trees. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  galleries  of  Oregon  Tomicus  and  pine-destroying  beetle  side  by 
side  in  hark  of  pine;   work  of  adults  in  hark;  groovings  in  surface  of  wood. 

DESTRUCTION    OF    PINE     FORESTS     BY    BARK-BEETLES    IN    THE 

SOUTHERN  STATES. 

CASE  50. 

281.  The  Destructive  Pine  Bark-Beetle  (J kndroctonus  frontalis  Zimm.). 
Attacks  healthy  pine  and  spruce  in  the  Southern  States.     It  in  capable  of  enor- 
mous destruction  and,  though  usually  held  in  check  by  natural  causes,  has  at  various 
times  past  so  increased  as  to  seriously  menace  the  entire  stand  of  pine  and  spruce  in 
portions  of  the  Southeastern  States,  notably  in  West  Virginia  in  1891-92. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  markings  on  surface  of  wood  of  beetle-killed  tree;  appearance  of 
outer  bark  and  surface  of  wood  of  beetle-killed  tree;  section  of  trunk  of  pine,  show- 
ing galleries  of  adult  beetles  in  bark  two  to  three  weeks  after  first  attack,  surface  of 
wood  marked  by  galleries  of  adult  beetles  and  mines  of  larva-  nix  to  eight  weeks 
after  attack,  outer  bark  of  tree  scaled  off  by  woodpeckers  in  search  of  beetles  and 
their  larva-;  work  of  adults  and  larva*  in  bark. 

282.  The  Companion  Bark-Beetle  (Tomicn*  avuisus  Eich. ). 

A  common  species  infesting  pine  in  the  Southern  States.  When  abundant  it  may 
attack  and  kill  healthy  trees,  but  is  especially  common  as  a  secondary  enemy  in 
company  with  the  destructive  pine  bark-beetle. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  appearance  of  work  of  adults  and  lame  in  bark;  galleries  of 
destructive  pine  bark-beetle  and  companion  bark-beetle  side  by  side  in  bark  of  large 
beetle-killed  tree. 

DESTRUCTION   OF   WESTERN   YELLOW  PINE   BY    BARK-BEETLES 
IN  THE  SOUTHERN  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  REGION. 

CASE  51. 

283.  The  Arizona  Dendroctonus  {Dendroctonus  n.  sp.). 

A  common  bark-beetle  in  the  southern  Rocky  Mountain  region  attacking  healthy 
Western  yellow  pine,  and  in  company  with  several  closely  allied  species  causing 
destruction  of  large  quantities  of  the  best  timber. 

EXHIBIT:  Adults;  work  of  adults  and  larva-  in  bark. 

284.  The  Colorado  Dendroctonus  {Dendroctonus  approximatw  Diets). 

Attacks  recently-dead  and  living  western  yellow  pine  in  the  southern  Rocky 
.Mountain  region.      Often  found  working  in  the  same  tree  and  side  by  side  with  the 

Arizona  Dendroctonus. 

EXHIBIT:  Adult;  surface  of  wood  showing  marks  of  work;  gallery  of  adult  and 
mines  of  young  larva  in  bark. 

285.  The  Pine-Destroying"  Beetle  of  the  Black  Hills  (Dendroctomu  ponderotst 
Hops.). 

Exhibit:   Adult-:  surface  ol  wood  showing  characteristic  groovings;  gallery  of 

adult  and  mine.-  of  young  larv.-c  in  bark. 


45 

INJURY  BY  BARK-BEETLES  TO  PINE   AND    OTHER  CONIFERS   IN 

THE  NORTHWEST. 

CASE  52. 

286.  The  Mountain  Pine  Dendroctonus  (Dendroctonus  n.  sp. ). 

Attacks  living,  injured,  and  recently  felled  mountain  or  silver  pine,  sugar  pine, 
and  lodge-pole  pine  in  the  Northwestern  States.  Very  common  and  capable  of  great 
destruction  to  the  best  timber. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  work  of  adults  and  larva?  in  bark;  surface  of  wood  showing 
characteristic  marks  of  work. 

287.  The  Doug-las  Spruce  Dendroctonus  (Dendroctonus  n.  sp. ). 

Attacks  living,  injured,  and  recently  felled  Douglas  spruce  and  western  larch. 
Rocky  Mountain  region  and  Pacific  coast.  Very  common  and  capable  of  destroying 
much  valuable  timber. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  gallery  of  adult  and  mines  of  young  larvae  in  bark;  inner  bark 
of  tree  showing  characteristic  appearance  of  larval  mines. 

288.  The  Redwood  Bark-Beetle  (Phlceosinus  sequoix  Hopk.). 

Attacks  living,  injured,  and  recently  felled  redwood  and  giant  arborvita?.  Cali- 
fornia to  northern  Washington.     Very  common  in  redwood. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  surface  of  wood  grooved  by  adult  galleries  and  larval  mines. 

289.  The  Lawson  Cypress  Bark-Beetle  (Phlceosinus  cupressse  Hopk.). 
Attacks  transplanted  Lawson  and  Monterey  cypress  in  California.     It  also  attacks 

redwood. 

Exhibit:  Adult;  section  of  small  beetle-killed  Lawson  cypress,  showing  beginning 
of  gallery  of  adult  in  living  tree;  section  of  small  Lawson  cypress  showing  character- 
istic grooves  in  surface  of  wood,  and  exit  holes  of  beetles  in  bark;  branch  of  Mon- 
terey cypress  showing  grooves  in  surface  of  wood  of  adult  and  larval  galleries. 

INJURIES  BY  AMBROSIA  OR  TIMBER  BEETLES. 

CASE  53. 

290.  The  Apple  Wood-Stainer  (Pterocyclon  mali  Fitch.). 

A  small  timber  beetle  first  described  from  the  apple,  but  attacking  a  great  diver- 
sity of  woods.  It  has  proven  very  injurious  to  the  wood  of  girdled  cypress  trees 
and  sawed  mahogany  lumber.  In  its  work  in  mahogany  it  is  accompanied  by  the 
oak  wood-stainer  (Pterocyclon  fa, malum) ,  a  closely  allied  species  with  similar  habits. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  cypress  lumber  showing  pin-hole  defects  caused  by  adults; 
mahogany  lumber  seriously  injured  by  the  apple  wood-stainer  and  oak  wood-stainer; 
cross  section  of  mahogany  plank,  showing  single  gallery  of  the  oak  wood-stainer. 

291.  The  Pan-American  Platypus  (Platypus  compositus  Say). 

A  timber  beetle  causing  injury  to  the  wood  of  a  great  variety  of  trees  and  the  prin- 
cipal cause  of  pin-holes  in  cypress.     It  attacks  girdled  trees  before  cutting. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  cypress  lumber  showing  injury  in  sapwood  (pin-holes  usually 
accompanied  by  staining).  Cypress  lumber  showing  injury  to  heartwood  (pin-holes 
not  accompanied  by  staining). 

292.  The  Sugar-Cane  Ambrosia  Beetle  (Xyleborusn.  sp.). 

An  extremely  common  species  throughout  the  southern  United  States,  "West 
Indies,  and  Mexico.  It  attacks  a  great  variety  of  woods  and  is  also  an  enemy  of 
sugar-cane,  excavating  its  galleries  in  living  stalks. 

Exhibit:  Adult;  injury  to  wood  of  cypress  logs  after  cutting  and  before  being 
sawed,  showing  entrance  galleries  on  surface  of  wood  and  galleries  in  sapwood; 
injury  to  mahogany  logs  before,  during,  and  after  importation;  injury  to  mahogany 
caused  by  entrance  of  beetles  at  end  of  logs. 


46 

293.  The  Large  Mahogany  Timber  Beetle  (Platypus  sp.). 
Attacks  mahogany  trees  and  saw  Logs  before  importation. 
Exhibit:  \\'<>rk. 

INSECTS  INFESTING  CYPRESS. 

casj^:  r,  i . 

294.  The  White-Lined  Cypress  Borer  (Physocnemum  andrea  llald.). 

Laryse  mine  the  inner  Itark  and  outer  Bapwood  of  cypress  Logs.      Southern  States. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  larva;  gallery;  complete  larval   mine  on  surface  of  wood  of 

girdled  cypress  tree. 

295.  The  Rigid  Cypress  Borer  ((Erne  rigida  Say). 
LarVSB  mine  inner  bark  of  girdled  express  and  dying  cedar. 
Exhibit:  Adult;  larva;  work;  larval  mines  in  bark  of  girdled  cypress. 

296.  The  Bald  Cypress  Bark-Beetle  (PJUceosinus  n.  sp.). 

Attacks  recently  felled  and  girdled  bald  cypress  in  the  Southern  States;  beneficial 
to  girdled  trees  as  it  hastens  death  and  causes  the  logs  to  dry  more  rapidly. 

Exhibit:  Adults;  inner  bark  from  girdled  cypress,  showing  characteristic  galleries 
of  adults  and  larvae. 

297.  The  Cypress  Sapwood  Borer  (Acmseoaera  pulchella  Hbst.). 

A  white  grub  which  mines  the  sapwood  of  girdled  cypress  two  or  three  years  after 
death,  causing  rapid  decay. 
Exhibit:  Adult;  larva;  work. 

298.  The  Cypress  Weevil  (Eudocimus  marmerheimii  Bob.). 

The  adults  feed  on  the  bark  of  bald-cypress  twigs,  causing  their  death,  and  the 
larvae  mine  the  inner  bark  of  injured  and  recently  felled  trees.     Southern  States. 

Exhibit:  Adult;  section  from  trunk  of  living  cypress,  showing  partially  healed- 
over  galleries  made  by  larvae  of  this  beetle  which  would  eventually  result  in  defects 
in  the  timber. 


SECTION  IV. 
PHOTOGRAPHS. 

Western  yellow  pine  trees  killed  by  the  pine-dest roving  beetle,  Black  Hills,  South 
Dakota. 

Section  of  yellow  pine  tree  killed  by  the  destructive  pine  bark-beetle.  North  Car- 
olina. 

Trunk  of  western  yellow  pine  killed  by  the  Arizona  Dendroctonus,  showing  work 
Of  beetle-.      Xew  Mexico. 

Western  yellow-pine  tree,  showing  injury  caused  by  the  dark-red  turpentine  beetle 
at  base.      New  Mexico. 

Monterey  pine  tree,  showing  injury  of  the  dark-red  turpentine  beetle  at  base. 
California. 

Hemlock  trees  killed  in  L892  by  the  hemlock  span-worm.      State  of   Washington. 

Trunk  of  hickory  tree  killed  by  the  hickory  bark-beetle,  showing  growth  of  white 
fungus  following  attack.     Detroit,  Mich. 

Silver-pine  tree-  killed   by  t  he  mountain-pine  Dendroctonus.      Priest   River    Forest 

Reserve,  Idaho.     I  2. ) 

Barb  from  trunk  of  giant  arborvitee,  .-how  [ng  mine-  of  the  cedar  bark-beetle,  state 
of  Washington. 


47 

Log  of  Douglas  spruce,  showing  galleries  of  the  Douglas  spruce  Dendroctonus. 
State  of  Washington. 

Storm-felled  Douglas  spruce  offering  favorable  conditions  for  the  propagation  of 
the  Douglas  spruce  Dendroctonus  and  other  bark-beetles.     State  of  Washington. 

Bark  from  storm-felled  log  of  Douglas  spruce,  showing  galleries  of  the  Douglas 
spruce  Dendrocti  >nous.     State  of  Washington. 

( rroup  of  long-leafed  pine  killed  by  so-called  "worm  deadening."     Eastern  Texas. 

Young  Sitka  spruce,  showing  top  killed  by  western  spruce-weevil.  State  of 
Washington. 

Cottonwood  tree  killed  by  the  bronzed  Agrilus,  showing  the  galleries  of  larva?  in 
trunk.     Priest  River  Forest  Reserve,  Idaho. 

Young  chestnut  killed  by  the  two-lined  chestnut  borer.     Western  North  Carolina. 

Large  chestnut,  the  death  of  which  was  hastened  by  insect  injury.  Western 
North  Carolina. 

Girdled  cypress  tree  injured  by  timber  beetles.     South  Carolina. 

Trunk  of  hickory  killed  by  hickory  bark-beetle,  showing  galleries  on  surface  of 
wood.     Western  North  Carolina. 


INDEX  OF  SCIENTIFIC  NAMES. 


Page. 

Acanthosinus  nodosus 35 

obsoletus 35 

Acmaeodera  pulchella 39, 46 

Agrilus  anxius 21, 38 

bilineatus 38 

Alaus  myops 42 

oculatus 42 

Anisota  rubicunda 29 

senatoria 28 

stigma 28 

Apatela  americana 29 

oblinita 29 

Aphididae 23 

Arcbips  f  ervidana 31 

Arbopalus  f  ulminans  37 

Asemum  moestum 35 

nitidum 21 

Aspidiotus  tenebricosus 33 

Aulonium  tuberculatum 43 

Balaninus  caryse 33 

nasicus 33 

quercus 33 

Basilarchia  archippus 27 

Basilona  imperialis 28 

Bracon  simplex 26 

sp 43 

Buprestidx 21, 22, 27, 38, 39 

Buprestid  (in  Abies) 27 

Buprestis  apricans 39 

aurulenta 39 

Cacoecia .     (See  Arcbips . ) 

Callidium  antenna  turn 37 

aereum 36 

Calocalpe  undulata 31 

Carphoborus  n.  sp 18 

Catocala  cara 29 

cerogama 29 

concumbens 29 

obscura 29 

retecta 29 

unijuga 29 

vidua 29 

Cecidomyiid  sp.  (Pine  twig  maggot) 23 

Cerambycidx 21, 27, 34, 35 

Ceratographis  pusillus 35 

Ceratomia  amyntor 28 

catalpse 28 

undulosa 28 

Chalcid  (causing  birds-eye  pine) 22 

Cbalcophora  virginiensis 39 

Chariessa  pilosa 42 

Cbermes  sibiricus 23 

var 23 

28235— No.  48—04 1 


Page. 

Cbion  cinctus 36 

Chlorippe  celtis 28 

Chrysobothris  dentipes 38 

femorata 38 

Chrysomelidx 32 

Cicada  sp 23 

Cicadidse 23,33 

Cimbex  americana 32 

Citheronia  regalis 28 

Cleridx 42 

Clerus  ichneumoneus 42 

sphegeus 42 

Clisiocampa.    (See  Malacosoma.) 

Coccidse 33 

Colydiidx 43 

Colydium  lineola 43 

Conotrachelus  juglandis 33 

Cossidse 40 

Cossus  centerensis 40 

Cotalpa  lanigera 32 

Cressonia  juglandis 28 

Cryphalus  n.  sp.  (Balsam  fir  Cryphalus) 24 

n.  sp.  (Hairy  Crypbalus) 16 

n.  sp.  (Spruce  Cryphalus) 24 

Cryptorhynchus  parochus 34 

Crypturgus  atom  us 26 

Curculionid  sp.  (Douglas  spruce  twig-wee- 
vil   22 

sp.  (Pine  fungus-gall  weevil) . .  22 

Curculionidse 22, 33, 34 

Curius  dentatus 36 

Cyllene  picta 36 

robinise 35 

Datana  angusii 30 

integerrima 30 

ministra 30 

Dendroctonus  approximatus 44 

brevicomis 18 

frontalis 41, 44 

piceaperda 26 

ponderosse 41,43,44 

valens 19 

n.  sp.  (Mountain  pine  Den- 
droctonus)   19,42,45 

n.  sp.  (Douglas  spruce  Den- 
droctonus)   19,45 

n.  sp.   (Arizona   Dendrocto- 
nus)    42, 44 

Diapheromera  femorata 32 

Dicerca  obscura 38 

Dioryctria  reniculella 33 

Dolurgus  pumilis 18 

Dryocampa.    (See  Anisota.) 

49 


50 


Page. 
Dryocoetee  n.  sp.  (Small  red  spruce  bark- 
beetle) 25 

n.   sp.  i  American    spruce    bark- 

beetle) 26 

n.  sp.  i  Birch  bark-beetle) 26 

DryophilUB   Bp.      (Giant    arbor    \  it:i-    Dryo- 

philus)  28 

Dynastes  tityus 32 

Eburia  quadrigeminata 38 

Edema.    {Set  Bymmerista.  | 

Elaphidion  villosum 34 

ElaU  ri'hr 42 

Eparg]  reuatityrufl 28 

Ergatee  spiculatua 21,35 

Euclea  delphinii 31 

Indetermina 31 

Budamus.     {Set  Epargyreus.) 

lit  i<  loci  mi  is  mannerheimii 34,46 

Euproctis  chrysorrhcea 30 

Eupsalis  minuta 39 

Euschausia  a  rgentata 29 

Buyanessa  antiopa 27 

Galerucella  luteola 32 

Qaurotes  cyanipennis 36 

Gnathotrichua  materiarius 15 

sulcatus 15 

n.  Bp.  (Western  pine  wood- 

stainer) 15 

Goes  pnlchra 36 

tigrina 36 

Graphisurus.     {See  Ceratographis.) 

Grapholitha  caryana 33 

Grapta.    {Set  Polygonia.) 
Balisidota.    {SeeaZso  Euschausia.) 

caryae 29 

maculata 29 

teasellaris 29 

Semerocampa  leucostigma 30 

vetusta 30 

Eemileuca  maia 29 

Betcemis  cineria 36 

Bomoptera  lunata 29 

H>  levin  us  aculeatus 20 

aspericollis 20 

granulatus 19 

aebulosus 20 

serious 20 

ii.  Bp.  i  Fir  wood  engraver) 19 

n.  Bp.  I  «  brand  Br  bark-beetle) 20 

ii.  Bp.  '  Western  hemlock  bark- 
beetle)  20 

Bylobius  pales ;;i 

Byloicus  kid  in  ia  28 

Bylotrupes  amethystinuA 21 

ligneufl 27,88 

Bylurgops  rugipennls 19 

Bubcoetulatus 19 

Byparpas  aurora 80 

ll>  phantria  textor 29 

Ichthyura.    {Set  Melalopha.) 

•  i  Ispata 31 

Lapara  coniferarum 2s 

l.ecaiiiuin  Bp.  i  Hickory  soil  Kale) 88 

I.<  pidoptt  m  i  foliage  Insects) 27,:::* 

rtj  lun  aculllerus :'••'■ 

Leptura  canadenaifl '■'•' 


Page. 

i.iineiiitis  bredowli 27 

Una.    {Set  Bfelasoma.  I 

Lophyrus  abbotti 32 

Lyctussp.  (Powder-post  beetles) 39 

Lyinexyloii  sericeuin 40 

Malacosonia  aniericana :;i 

calil'ornica 31 

constricta 30 

disstria 30 

fragilifl 31 

pluvialis 31 

Mallodon  dasystomus 37 

melanopus 37 

ftfelalopha  Inclusa 29 

M elanophila  drummondi 22,38 

fulvoguttata 38 

Bielasoma  lapponica 32 

scripta 32 

Microcentrum  laurifolinm 32 

Monarthrum.     {See  Pterocyclon.) 

Monocesta  coryli 32 

Monoharumus  conf  usor 34 

Bcutellatus 21,35 

Nadata  gibbosa 30 

Nematus  erichsonii 32 

Neoclytus  capraea 36 

Neocly tus  erythrocephalua 37 

Neophasia  menapia '. 28 

Notolophus  antiqua 30 

GEme  rigida 37, 43, 46 

Olene  aebatina 30 

( mcideres  cingulata 34 

Orgyia.      {See    Notolophus    and    Hemero- 
campa.) 

Ormyrus  sp.  (Oak  twig Ormyrus) 22 

Orthosoma  brunneum 37 

Pachylobius  picivorus 34 

I'acliysphinx  occidentalis 28 

Paleacrita  vernata 31 

Parasitic  Bymenoptera 41 

Panrurus  cyaneus 40 

bopkinsi 40 

pinicola 40 

l'hheosinus  eupress;e 11,  1"> 

dentatus 26 

punctatns 18 

sequoias Is.  i"> 

n.  Bp.  i  Bald  cypress  bark-beel  L< 

Phryganidia  californica 29 

riiymati  >des  variabilis 37 

Physocnemum  andreaa '. 86,  16 

Pinipestia    {Set  Dioryctria.) 

l Msm tdes  dubius M 

strobi 84 

sp.  (Western  spruce  weevil) 34 

sp.  (Sugar  pine  bark-weevil) 22 

Pityogenes  carinulatus it.  n 

n.  sp.  i  Mountain  pine  wood-en- 
engraver)  17 

n.    Bp.     (White     pine    wood-en- 
graver)    86 

Pityophthorus  cariniceps 24 

conlinis 16 

lniiiulis^inius 

nitidulus 17 

pubipennis 16 


51 


Page. 

Pityophthorus  puncticollis 16 

n.  sp.  i  Black  spruce  wood- 
engraver  | 2-1 

n.    sp.    (Jeffrey  pine    twig 

beetle  1 17 

n.  sp.  (Knobcone  pine  bark- 
beetle) 16 

n.  sp.  (Lodgepole  pine  bark- 
beetle) 16 

n.  sp.  (Minute  birch  bark- 
beetle) 24 

n.  sp.  (Minute  spruce  twig 

wood-engraver) 24 

n.    sp.     (Smaller    fir  bark- 
beetle) 17 

n.    sp.    (White   pine   twig- 
beetle.) 24 

Plagionotus  speciosus 35 

Platypus  compositus 39, 45 

n.  sp.  (Western  Platypus) 15 

sp.    (Large    mahogany    timber- 
beetle)  46 

Plectrodera  scalator 37 

Polygraphus  rufipennLs 25 

Polygonia  interrogationis 27 

Polyporus  volvatus 26 

Porthetria  dispar 30 

Prionoxystus  robinse 40 

Prionus  laticollis 37 

Pterocyclon  fasciatum 45 

mali 45 

Ptinida: 23, 39 

Ptiuid  sp.  (Giant-arbor  vita  Ptin:d) S3 

sp.  (Pine  wood-perforator) 23 

Pulvinaria  innumerabilis 33 

Rhagium  lineatum 37 

Romaleum  atomarium 36 

Sabulodes  transversa ta 31 

Saperda  calcarata 35 

concolor 35 

discoidea 36 

tridentata 35 

vestita 36 

sp.  (Mountain  ash  borer  | 27 

Sroli/tidr 15, 16. 24, 39. 41 

Scolytus  praeceps 21 

quadrispinosus 41 

subseaber 21 

unispinosus 20 

u.  sp.  (Fir  branch  Scolytus) 20 


Page. 

Scolytus  n.  sp.  (Red  spruce  Scolytus ) 26 

n.  sp.  (Smaller  fir  tree  BcolytOfl  )..  20 

Serropalpus  serratus 27 

Sibine  stimulea 31 

Sinoxylon  ba.silare 39 

Sphinx  kalmiae 28 

Symmerista  albif rons 30 

Telea  polyphemus 28 

Tadhrcdinidx 32 

Tetropium  cinnamopterum 27. 37 

Thalessa  lunator 41 

Thanasimus  dubius 42 

nubilis 26 

f  ormicarius 42 

Therina  somniaria 31 

Tibicen  septendecim 33 

Tomicus  avulsus 41. 44 

balsameus 25 

concinnus 17 

confusus 18 

-    integer 18 

latidens 17 

oregoni 17. 41. 44 

n.  sp.  (Hudson  Bay  Tomicus) 25 

n.  sp.  (Silver  pine  Tomicus j 18 

n.  sp.  (Western  fir  bark-beetle)...  17 

n.  sp.  (White  spruce  bark-beetlej .  25 

Tortricid 23 

Tremex  columba 40 

sericeus 40 

TrogoBitidx 43 

Trogosita  virescens 43 

Trypodendron  bivittafus 16 

n.  sp.  (Birch  timber  beetle) .  16 

Uroceridx 40 

Urocerus  abdominalis 40 

albicornis 40 

fla  vipennis 40 

Urographis  fascia tus 38 

Woodpeckers 26 

Xyleborus  celsus 39 

saxeseni 16 

n.  sp.  (The  sugar-cane  ambrosia- 

'  beetle 45 

Xylochinus  n.  sp.  (The  Parmacheene  bark- 

beetle) 26 

Xyloterus.     (See  Trypodendron.) 

Xylotrechus  colon  us 38 

undulatus 37 

Zeuzera  pyrina 40 


INDEX  OF  COMMON  NAMES. 


Page. 

Alder,  white,  bark-beetle 20 

Ambrosia-beetles L6,45 

Ambrosia  beetle,  sugar-cane 45 

American  dagger-moth  29 

saw-fly,  large 32 

tent-caterpillar 31 

Apple-tree  borer,  flat-headed 38 

caterpillar,  yellow-necked 30 

wood-stainer 45 

Arbor  vitse,  giant,  Dryopbilua 23 

ptinid 23 

Arizona  Dendroctonus 42,44 

Asb  borer,  banded 36 

four-marked 38 

Sphinx 28 

wavy 28 

t  ree  1  >ark-l  >eet  le 20 

Banded  horntail 40 

Urographis 38 

Bark  and  wood-boring  grubs 21,22, 27 

Bark-beetle,  American  spruce 25 

ash-tree 20 

bald  cypress 12,  Hi 

balsam-fir 25 

birch 2n 

cedar 25 

companion n.  it 

densely  punctured 16 

destroyer,  European 42 

destroyers,    i  See  Clerids.  | 

destructive  pine 44 

grand  lir 20 

hickory 41 

knobcone  pine 16 

larger  flr-tree 19 

Law -oil  cypres- II 

lodgepole  pine 16 

minute  birch 24 

oak  21 

spruce 26 

Parmacheene 26 

redwood Is.  I> 

smaller  lir 17 

small  red  spruce '25 

spruce 25 

western  cedar 18 

lir 17 

hemlock 20 

oak 16 

white  alder 20 

spruce 26 

boo  1 1  OS 16.21 

Bark-borer,  Douglas  spruce 21 

52 


Page. 

Bark-borer,  eastern  hemlock 38 

flat-headed  pine 38 

small  pine 35 

western  cedar 21 

hemlock 22 

Hark  maggots 23 

weevil,  sugar  pine 22 

Belted  chlon 36 

Birch  bark-beetle 25 

minute 24 

borer,  bronze 21, 38 

timber  beetle 16 

Birdseye  pine 22 

Blazed  tree-borer 27 

Blue  horntail  40 

Borer,  ash-colored  mulberry 36 

banded  ash 36 

beautiful  hickory 36 

black-horned  pine 37 

blazcd-tree 27 

blue-winged  walnut 36 

bronze  birch 21, 38 

cedar 38 

cedar-tree 27 

common  elm-tree 35 

curious  cypress 36 

cypress  sapwood 39,46 

destructive  spruce  wood 27,33 

dusty  oak 36 

flat-headed  apple 38 

hickory 38 

pine 38 

knob-horned  pine 35 

large  hickory 35 

linden 36 

locust 35 

mountain  ash 27 

obsolete  pine 35 

painted  hickory 36 

pine,  lesser 35 

heartwood 39 

poplar ">•") 

ribbed  pine 87 

rigid  cypress 

rustic 38 

southern  oak 37 

sugar  maple 35 

tiger  hickory 36 

two-lined  chestnut 38 

variable  oak 37 

wavy  spruce 37 

white-lined  cypress 36,46 

borer-,  wood  and  bark 35 


53 


Page. 

Borers,  flat-headed 3s 

round-headed 35 

Brenthis.  northern 39 

Bronze  birch  borer -1-  :>s 

Brown-tailed  moth 30 

Buck  moth 29 

Buff-tipped  butterfly '. 27 

Buprestis,  golden 39 

Butterflies  and  moths 27 

California  tussock  moth 30  . 

Caliiornian  Phryganidia 29 

tent-caterpillar 31  | 

Callidium.  chestnut 30 

Canadian  Leptura 37 

Canker  worm,  spring 31 

Catalpa  Sphinx 

Cedar  bark-beetle 25 

western 18 

borer,  western 21 

borer 3S 

tree  borer 27  j 

Cherry-leaf  webworm 31 

Chestnut-borer,  two-lined 38 

callidium 36 

timber- worm 40 

Chion,  belted 36 

Cicada,  seventeen-year 33 

small  western 23 

Clerid,  clouded 26 

dubius 42 

hairy 42 

orange  banded 42 

spider-like 42 

Clerids 42 

Click-beetles 42 

Clytus,  red-headed 37 

Colorado  Dendroctonus 44 

Colydiids 43 

Companion  bark-beetle 41 

Cone-worm,  spruce 33 

southern  pine 33  | 

Cosmopolitan  timber-beetle 16 

Cottonwood  root-borer 37 

Crinkly  flannel  moth 31 

Cryphalus  balsam  fir 24 

hairy 16 

spruce 24 

Cypress,  bald,  bark-beetle 42.  46 

borer,  curious 36 

rigid 37, 46 

white-lined 36, 46 

Lawson,  bark-beetle 45 

sapwood  borer 39, 46 

weevil 34, 46 

Dagger-moth,  American 29 

smeared .' 29 

Dark  red  turpentine  beetle 19 

Dark  tussock-moth 30 

Dendroctonus,  Arizona 42. 44 

Colorado 44 

Douglas  spruce 19, 44 

mountain  pine 19,  42.  44 

Densely  punctured  bark-beetle 16 

Destroyer,  fir-tree 21 

western  pine 18 


Page. 

Destroyers,  bark -beetle 26,42 

Destroying  beetle  of  the  Black  Hills,  pine  41 ,  43. 44 

spruce 26 

Destructive  pine  bark-beetle 41 

spruce  wood-borer 27,37 

Dolurgus.  Sitka  spruce 18 

Dryophilus,  giant  arborvita 23 

Dubius  clerid 42 

Elater,  eyed 42 

small-eyed 42 

Elm  Leaf-beetle,  imported 32 

larger 32 

Eyed  elater 42 

Fall  web-worm 29 

Fir,  balsam,  bark-beetle 25 

Cryphalus 24 

bark-beetle,  smaller 17 

western 17 

branch  scolytus 20 

California  white,  Scolytus 21 

grand,  bark-beetle 20 

tree  destroyer 21 

Scolytus,  smaller 20 

weevil 34 

wood-engraver 19 

Fi  ve-spined  Tomieus,  western 18 

Flat-headed  borers 38, 39 

Foliage  insects 32 

Fi  'rest  span-worm,  large 31 

tent  caterpillar 30 

Four-horned  Sphinx 28 

Four-spined  Tomieus 18 

Fruit  and  seed  insects 

Fungus  following  bark-beetle  attack 

Gall  insects 22,23 

louse.  Englemann  spruce 23 

Sitka  spruce 23 

Girdler,  hickory  twig 34 

poplar 35 

Golden  Buprestis 39 

Goldsmith  beetle 32 

Green  trogositid 43 

Gypsy  moth 30 

Hackberry  butterfly,  common 28 

Hairy  clerid 42 

Cryphalus 16 

Hemlock  bark-beetle,  western 20 

bark-borer,  eastern 38 

bark-borer,  western 38 

wood-stainer,  western 15 

Hickory  bark-beetle 41 

borer,  beautiful 36 

common 36 

flat-headed 38 

painted 36 

tiger 36 

caterpillar,  black 30 

striped 30 

horned  devil 28 

husk-worm 33 

soft-scale 33 

timber-beetle 39 

tussock  caterpillar 29 

twig-girdler 34 

Horntail,  banded 40 


54 


Page. 

Horntail,  black  pine 40 

blue 40 

small  pine 40 

White  horned 40 

yellow  winged io 

Borntaila 10 

Hudson  Bay  Tomlcm    -j."> 

Hyleslnus,  Douglas  aprnoe 20 

shore  pine 20 

Syluxgopa,  Sitka  spruce 19 

western  pine 19 

Imperial  moth 28 

Katydid 32 

Large  mahogany  Umber-beetle 46 

Larch  sawfly 32 

Leaf-beetles 32 

Leaf-beetle,  Imported  elm 32 

larger  elm 32 

spotted  willow 32 

striped  willow 32 

Leaf-folder,  locust 27 

Leopard  moth 40 

Leptura,  Canadian 37 

Lichen-like  beetle 36 

Linden  borer 36 

Line-marked  colydiid 43 

Locust  borer 35 

leaf-folder 28 

Lunated  long-sting 41 

Mahogany  timber-beetle,  large 46 

Maple  scale,  cottony 33 

gloomy 1 33 

sugar,  borer 35 

worm,  green-striped 29 

worm,  semi-looping 29 

Mourning  cloak  butterfly 27 

Mountain  ash  borer 27 

Mulberry  borer,  ash  colored 36 

Northern  Brenthis 39 

Northwestern  tent-caterpillar 31 

Nut  weevils 33 

oak  bark-beetle,  minute 24 

western 16 

borer,  dusty 36 

southern 37 

v  a  riabl  e 37 

carpenter  worm 10 

Caterpillar,  green 30 

red  humped 30 

live,  root-borer 87 

primer 8 1 

span-worm,  western 31 

timber-worm.  {Set  Northern  Brenthis.) 

tUSBOCk  caterpillar 29 

twig  Onnyrui 22 

weh- worm 31 

wood-stainer 45 

worm,  orange-striped 28 

worm,  spiny 28 

( trange-banded  clerid 42 

< Oregon  Tomlcm 11,44 

Ormyrus,  oak  twig 22 

Pales  weevil 34 

PaleTremex 40 

tussock  caterpillar 29 


Page. 

Parasites,  four-winged 43 

Of  rigid  cypress  borer 49 

spruce-destroying  beetle 26 

wood-boring  insects  42 

Parmacheene  bark-beetle 26 

Pigeon  Tremex 40 

Pine  bark-borer,  flat-beaded 38 

small 35 

birdseye 22 

borer,  black-borned 37 

knob-horned 35 

lesser 35 

obsolete 35 

ponderous 35 

ri  bbed 37 

butterfly 28 

cone-worm,  southern 33 

destroyer,  western 18 

destroying  beetle  of  the  Black  EUlls.  41,43,44 

fungus-gall  weevil 22 

horntail,  black 40 

small 40 

heartwood  borer 39 

hylurgops,  western 19 

Jeffrey,  twig  beetle 17 

knobcone,  bark-beetle 16 

lodgepolc,  bark-beetle 16 

mountain,  Dendroctonus 42, 44 

wood-engraver 17 

sawyer,  common 35 

shore,  Hylesinus 20 

silver,  Tomicus 18 

Sphinx 28 

sugar,  bark-weevil : 22 

smaller  Tomicus 17 

wood-engraver 18 

tussock  caterpillar 29 

twig  maggot 23 

miner 23 

white,  Abbott's,  sawfly 32 

Bawyer 35 

twig-beetle 24 

weevil 34 

wood-engraver 25 

wood-perforator 23 

stabler,  eastern 15 

western 15 

yellow,  wood-engraver 17,11 

Pitch-eatingweeyil 34 

Platypus,  Pan-American 39,45 

western 15 

Polyphemus  moth 28 

Ponderous  sawyer 21 

Poplar  borer 35 

carpenter  worm 40 

girdler 35 

Sphinx,  western 28 

tent-maker 29 

Powder-post  luetics 23,39 

Prionus.  broad-necked 37 

lesser 37 

Primer,  oak 34 

Ptinid,  giant  arbor  vitsa 23 

borer,  red-shouldered 39 

Bed-headed  Clytus 87 


55 


Page 

Red-shouldered  ptinid  borer 39 

Redwood  bark-beetle 45 

Rhinoceros  beetle 32 

Rocky  Mountain  tent-caterpillar 31 

Root-borer,  Cottonwood 37 

live  oak 37 

Rosy  Hyparpax 30 

Round-headed  borers 34. 3-5 

Rustic  borer 38 

Rusty  tussock-moth 30 

Sawnies 32 

Sawfly,  larch 32 

large  American 32 

white  pine 32 

Sawyer,  common  pine 35 

ponderous 21 

white  pine 21 

Scale  insects 33 

Scolytus,  California  white  flr 21 

"fir  branch 20 

red  spruce 26 

single-spine 20 

smaller  fir  tree 20 

Seed  and  fruit  insects 13 

Seventeen-year  Cicada 33 

Single-spine  Scolytus 20 

Slug  caterpillars 31 

Small-eyed  Elater 42 

Smeared  dagger-moth 29 

Span-worm,  western  oak 31 

large  forest 31 

Sphinx,  ash 28 

catalpa 28 

four-horned 28 

pine 28 

wavy  ash 28 

western  poplar 28 

walnut 28 

Spider-like  clerid 42 

Spring  canker  worm 31 

Spruce  bark-beetle 25 

American 25 

minute 20 

black,  wood-engraver 24 

borer,  wavy 37 

cone-worm 33 

Cryphalus 24 

destroying  beetle 26 

Douglas,  bark-borer 21 

Hylesinus 20 

twig- weevil 22 

Englemann,  gall-louse 23 

red.  ScolytDB 26 

small  bark-beetle 25 

Sitka.  Dolurgus IS 

gall-louse 23 

Hylurgops 19 

Tomicus 17 

twig-weevil 7 

timber-beetle 16 

twig  wood-engraver,  minute 24 

weevil,  western 34 

white,  bark-beetle 25 

wood-borer,  destructive 27. 07 

Spruce  wood-engraver 24 


Page. 

Sugar-cane  ambrosia-beetle 45 

Tent-caterpillar,  American 31 

Califomian 31 

forest 30 

northwestern 31 

Rocky  Mountain 31 

tufted 30 

maker,  poplar 29 

Thunderbolt  beetle 37 

Timber-beetle,  birch 16 

cosmopolitan 16 

hickory 39 

large  mahogany 46 

spruce 16 

worm,  chestnut 40 

oak.     [See    Northern    Bren- 
this.) 

Tomicus,  four-spined IS 

Hudson  Bay 25 

Oregon 17. 41 .  44 

silver  pine IS 

Sitka  spruce 17 

smaller  sugar  pine 17 

western  five-spined 18 

Tremex,  pale 40 

pigeon 40 

!  Trogositids 43 

Tuberculate  colydiid 43 

Tufted  tent-caterpillar 30 

Turpentine-beetle,  dark  red 19 

borer 39 

Tussock-caterpillar,  hickory 29 

oak 29 

pale 29 

pine 29 

moth,  California 30 

dark 30 

rusty 30 

white-marked 30 

Twig-beetle,  Jeffrey  pine 17 

Monterey  pine 16 

Sitka  spruce 17 

white  pine 24 

insects 12 

maggot 23 

miner,  pine 23 

weevil,  Douglas  spruce 22 

Two-lined  chestnut  borer 38 

Dnderwing  moths 29 

Ur<  tgraphis,  banded 3S 

Viceroy  butterfly 27 

Violet-tip  butterfly 27 

Walking-stick,  common 32 

Walnut  borer,  blue-winged 36 

fruit  weevil 33 

Sphinx 28 

weevil 34 

Web- worm,  cherry-leaf 31 

fall 29 

oak 31 

Weevil,  cypress 34, 46 

fir 34 

nut 33 

pales 34 

pine  fungus-gall 22 


56 


Page. 

Weevil,  pitch-eating 84 

walnut 34 

fruit 33 

white  pine 31 

western  spruee 31 

White-horned  horntail 10 

White-marked  tussock-moth 30 

Willow  leaf-beetle,  spotted 32 

striped 32 

Wood-engraver,  black  spruce 24 

iir 19 

minute  spruce  twig 24 

mountain  pine 17 


Page. 

Wood-engraver,  spruce 24 

sugar  pine 18 

white  pine 25 

yellow  pine 17,44 

Woi  ><1 1  >ecker  work 26 

Wood-perforator,  pine 23 

stainer,  apple 45 

eastern  pine 15 

western  hemlock 15 

oak 45 

western  pine 15 

Yellow-winged  horntail 40 


o 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  I, 


Fig.  1.— The  Pine-destroyinq  Beetle  of  the  Black  Hills. 
a,  Adult  beetle,  enlarged;  b,  adult  beetle,  natural  size;  c,  larva;  d,  pupa. 


Fiq.  2.— Destructive  Pine  Bark-beetle. 

a,  Adult  beetle,  enlarged;  b,  adult,  natural  size;  c,  pupa,  enlarged;  d,  larva,  enlarged;  e,  young 
larva,  enlarged;  /,  egg,  enlarged;  g,  larva,  natural  size.  (After  author,  in  Bulletin  No.  56, 
West  Virginia  experiment  station. ) 


Fiq.  3.— Spruce-destroying  Beetle. 

a,  Dorsal  view  of  adult  beetle;  b,  side  view  of  larva;  c,  dorsal  view  of  pupa— all  greatly  enlarged; 

d.  natural  size  of  beetle. 
(From  Yearbook,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture,  1902.) 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  II. 


Fig.  1.— Work  of  the  Lawson's  Cypress  Bark-beetle  in  Twigs  of  Living  Trees. 

a,  Burrows  at  base  of  twig;  6,  b,  wounds  covered  with  gum;  c,  deformed  twig;  d,  wound  where 

twig  has  died  and  fallen 


?  -  "  6 

Fig.  2.— The  Lawson's  Cypress  Bark- 

BEETLE:  ADULTS,  MALE  AND  FEMALE. 


Fig.  3.— The  Redwood  Bark-beetle 
(Phlceosinus  SEQUOI/E  Hopk.): 
Adult,  Enlarged. 


(From  Bui.  38,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.) 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  III 


Work  of  the  Pine-destroying  Beetle  of  the  Black  Hills.    Primary  Galleries 
and  Larval  Mines  in  Inner  Surface  of  Living  Bark. 

a,  Entrance  and  basal  chamber:  b.  ventilating  holes  in  roof  of  gallery;  c,  termination. 
The  larval  mines  radiate  from  the  primary  galleries.  About  one-half  natural  size. 
(Author's  illustration,  Bui.  32,  n.  s.,  Div.  of* Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.) 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  IV. 


Bu1.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  cf  Agriculture. 


Plate  V. 


Work  of  the  Spruce-destroying.  Beetle. 

a,  Primary  gallery;  6,  borings  packed  in  side;  c,  entrance  and  central  burrow  through  the  packed 
borings;  d,  larval  mines.     (From  Yearbook,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  1902.) 


28235— No.  48—04- 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VI. 


Work  of  Destructive  Pine  Bark-beetle. 

o.  a.  a.  a.  Characteristic  forms  of  primary  galleries:  b,  normal  forms  of  larval  mines:  c.  abnormal 
forms  of  larval  mines— all  slightlv  reduced.  (.Author's  illustration,  Yearbook.  U.  S.  Dept.  of 
Agriculture.  1902.) 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VII. 


9- 

- 

1 

f 

' 

_J« 

I 

| 

j 

\ 

1 

V 

Work  of  Dendroctonus  frontalis  and  Dendroctonus  terebrans. 

a.  Dendroctonus  frontalis:  A.  adult:  B.  pupa:  C,  larva:  D,  adult  of  D.  ml,  us:  E.  larva.—*.  D. 
frontalis:  A.  tibia;  B.  tarsus;  C.  I>.  E.  antenna-:  F,  G,  mouth  part-.  1>.  valens:  11.  Tibia: 
'/.  tarsus:  J.  K.  L.  M.  N,  antenna?,  all  enlarged. — c.  Pitch  tube  made  by  D.  frontalis,  natural 
Size. — d.  Healing  wounds,  from  living  pine  tree,  made  by  D.  frontalis,  reduced. — '.  Pupa  cases 
of  D.  frontalis  in  outer  pine  bark.— -f.  D.  frontalis:  A.  B,  Longitudinal  section  of  primary  gal- 
leries; ''.egg  in  egg  cavity  inside  of  gallery,  the  latter  enlarged,  others  reduced.— g.  Healing 
wounds  in  living  tree:  E.  D.  frontalis;  E.  i>.  valens.— h.  Work  of  D.  frontalis  in  pine  bark  is 
shown  at  A,  C,  D,  E,  E.  G;  work  of  /'.  terebran*  in  pine  bark  at  /-'.  //.  I:  larva  at  work  at  //. 
Both  I>.  frontal,:--  and  D.  terebrans  attack  spruce.  (From  Bui.  28,  n.  «...  Div.  of  Entomology, 
U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.  | 


Bui.  4E    -         •  Entomology,  U.  5 


Plate  VIII. 


Bui.  43    1   ■      f  Entorr     >gj     -     5.  Dspl 


Plate  IX. 


51   £ 


-  _.  a 

""  ~  m 

— ""  CO 

-=  H 

~  =  < 


fc"r^i^?a 

DD 


Bui.  48    Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  X. 


r  ^  EL 

T-.  '    '2- 

—  =  2 
x  §.« 


B  f  E   tomology,  U.  5.  Dep1 


Plate  XI. 


Fig.  l. 


Fie.  3.  Fig.  4. 

Work  of  the  Pine  Destroying  Beetle  of  the  Black  Hills  Forest  Reserve. 

Fie.  1.  Small  freshly  attacked  pine  tree,  showing  pitch  tubes.— Fig.  2.  Mark-  of  primary  galleries 
on  the  surface  of  wood  when  bark  is  removed.— Fig.  3.  Freshly  attacked  tree,  showing  pitch 
tubes.    Adjoining  tree  not  attacked.— Fig.  4.  Dead  tree:  outer  bark  removed  by  woodpeckers. 

(,Fr..m  Bui.  32,  n.  s.,  Div.  of  Entomology.  V.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.  - 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  En1  a      J.  S.  Oc 


Plate  XII. 


Fig.  1.— Cocoons  of  Bracon  simplex,  a 
Parasite  of  the  Spruce-destroying 
Beetle. 

The  cocoons  of  E  lex,  in  the  larval 

mines  of  Dendroctonus  piceaperda,  are  shown 
at  n.  I  From  Bui  28,  n.  >..  Div.  ui"  Entomol- 
ogy, L".  S.  I>ept.  of  Agriculture.,/ 


Fig.  2.— Work  of  the  Pine-destroying 
Beetle  of  the  Black  Hills. 

a.  Pitch  tubes  on  surface  of  bark,  much  re- 
duced:   h.   same,    two-thirds   natural   size. 
From  Yearbook.  U.  S.  Dent  of  Agriculture. 
1902. 


Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept.     I 


Plate  XIII. 


Galleries  and  Mines  of  the  Spruce-destroying  Beetle. 

Showing  parts  of  six  primary  ^allerit-s.  reduced  about  one-fourth.       From  Bui. 
28,  n.  s.,  Div.  of  Entomology,  P.  S.  Dept  of  Agriculture,  i 


Bui.  48,  D;v.  of  Entomology,  U    S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XIV. 


Galleries  and  Mines  of  the  Spruce  Destroying  Beetle. 
(From  Bui.  28,  n.  b.,  Div.  of  Entomology,  r.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.) 


Bu1.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept  of  Agncultu-e. 


Plate  XV. 


Old  Galleries  of  the  Spruce  Destroying  Beetle. 

a,  Grooves  on  the  surface  of  the  wood  of  a  tree  that  had  been  dead  about  twelve 
years:  b,  wounds,  or  incomplete  galleries,  in  bark  of  living  tree:  wound  rilled 
with  pitch;  c,  from  dead  tree:  d,  from  living  tree,  in  which  some  of  the  wounds 
were  healing;  e,  from  old  dead  tree,  the  sapwood  of  which  was  decaying, 
i  From  Bui.  28,  n.  -.,  Div.  of  Entomology,  l\  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.  | 


B'j  .  48.  Div.  of  Entomology.  U.  S.  Dept   of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XVI 


Work  of  the  Yellow  Pine  Wood  Engraver.    Galleries  in  Inner 
Bark  and  Surface  of  Wood. 

About  one-third  natural  size.       Author's  illustration.  Bui.  32,  n.  s..  Div.  of 
Entomology,  U.  S.  Kept,  of  Agriculture.) 


Bu!.  48,  t  '  _    -:^oiogy,  U.  S.  Deo*    "■   - -- 


Plate  XVII. 


Work  of  Timber  and  Bark-beetles  in  Sfruce. 

a.  W«>rk  of  the  spruce  timber-beetle  in  the  sapwood  of  spruce,  natural  >ize:  h.  fungus  I  Polyponu 
volvattis)  growing  from  mines  <>t  spruce  timber-beetle  on  the  surface  of  the  wood  after  the 
ltark  had  been  removed,  natural  size;   c,  work  of  Phlaxttribw  picea   Hopk.  MS.  in  spruce. 
Prom  Bui.  28,  n.  .-..  Div.  of  Entomology,  I".  S.  Dept.  <>i"  Agriculture. 


-        ~  ~  f  Errl  -       J.  S.  Dept.  of  Ag 


Plate  XVIII. 


™  . 


8 


tf 


.  |  ;.* 


Work  of  Secondary  and  Other  Enemies  of  Spruce. 

a,  Work  of  the  white  spruce  bark-be  s)  in  white  spruce  bark:  b.  work  of  spruce 

(rood-engraver  [Pityophthorus  carinieeps  Lee.  in  spruce  bark  and  grooving  the  outer 
wood;  c,  galleries  of  the  destructive  pine  bark-beetle  [Dendroctonus  frontalis  in  pine 
bark:  also  attacks  spruce:  d,  work  of  the  small  red  spruce  bark-beetle  -  n.  sp.  | 

on  the  surface  of  spruce  wood;  -.  galleries  of  the  spruce  bark-beetle  (Polygraphus  rufir 
-  Kirbyi  on  surface  of  pieces  of  spruce  driftwood,  found  in  Parmacheene  Lake. 
(From  Bui.  28,  n.  s..  Div.  of  Entomology,  17.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Bui.  48    Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S    Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Platf.  XIX. 


■ 


Galleries  of  the  Spruce  Bark-beetle,  Showing  Different  Stages. 

<:.  b,  <■.  Freshly  excavated  galleries  in  living  bark:  '/.  old  galleries  in  dead  bark.      From  Bui. 28, 
ii.  b.,  Div.  of  Entomology.  T".  s.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology.  U.  S.  DeDt.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XX. 


Mines  of  the  Destructive  Spruce  Wood-borer. 


Surface  of  the  wood  of  a  ' 
size,     i  From  Bui.  28,  n. 


peeled*'  and  felled  spruce,  showing  mines,  natural 
s.,  Div.  of  Entomology.  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  i 


-  E    -    nology,  U    S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXi 


Dead  Spruce;  also  Fir  and  Birch. 

a.  Old  dead  spruce  and  a  dead  birch  in  cutting;  hi,  remains  of  very  old  dead  spruce;  ?>?.  appear- 
ance <>i  spruce  tree  after  it  has  been  dead  rive  to  ten  years  or  more;  -•.  white  spruce,  dead  three 
or  four  years;  '/.  dead  spruce,  tir.  and  birch,  killed  by  fire:  >.  dead  spruce  and  rir  on  summit  of 
Rump  Mountain.  Maine.     I  From  Bui.  28,  n.  s..  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S,  Dept.  of  Agriculture.) 


Bui.  48,  Div.  of  Entomology,  U.  S.  Dept  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXII. 


Work  of  the  Redwood  Bark-beetle. 

a.  Surface  of  wood  grooved  by  primary  galleries  and  larval  mines:  b.  bark  with  galleries  and 
mines  through  inner  layer:  c,  primary  or  egg  gallery.  |  From  Bui.  3S,  Bureau  of  Forestry, 
U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.) 


UNIVERSITY  OF  FLORIDA 


